Chest and Lungs Flashcards
(44 cards)
What is the structure of the chest cavity
12 thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs (7 true vertebrocostal pairs and 5 false pairs)
Where does the diaphragm insert?
the sternum, the first three lumbar vertebrae, and the lower six ribs
What are the three spaces in the thoracic cavity?
the mediastinum, and the right and left pleural cavities
What does the mediastinum contain?
heart, esophagus, trachea, main stem bronchi, thymus, and major blood vessels
What is the visceral and parietal pleura?
serous membranes that surround the three lobes of the right lung and two lobes of the left lung
Where is the anterior axillary line?
Extends from the anterior axillary fold
Where is the midclavicular line?
Vertical line through the middle of the clavicle
Where is the midsternal line?
Vertical line that bisects the suprasternal notch
Where is the nipple line?
horizontal line through the nipples
What important things should be noted in the history?
Anomalies noted in maternal ultrasound, gestational age, relevant maternal medical issues that may impact infants respiratory status, any reports of respiratory distress, increased WOB, cyanosis, feeding pattern
What is included in a general inspection of the infant?
color, tone, and activity
Infants experiencing cold temperature stress will be….
tachypneic or occasionally bradypnea
Persistent tachypnea beyond 2 hours of age may indicate what?
transient tachypnea of the newborn, RDS, meconium aspiration, pneumonia, hyperthermia, or pain
Bradypnea and shallow respirations may indicate what?
CNS depression secondary to maternal drug ingestion, asphyxia, or birth injury
What is the primary muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
How does the body compensate for chest wall instability?
the infants diaphragm is situated higher in the chest and more concave in shape, allowing for more efficient contractions.
Deviations to normal respiratory efforts include….
asymmetric chest movement and excessive thoracic expansion. Paradoxical or “seesaw” respirations suggests poor lung compliance and loss of lung volume
Nasal flaring indicates what?
an attempt to decrease resistance to airflow by increasing the size of the nostrils
What causes grunting or moaning and what does it indicate?
Sound made by the exhalation against a partially closed glottis in an attempt to increase the FRC in the lungs and stabilize the alveoli.
What causes retractions?
decreases lung compliance and cartilaginous rib cage
Suprasternal retractions may indicate what?
if accompanied by stridor, may indicate an upper airway obstruction i.e. laryngeal webs or cysts, tumors, or vascular rings
Asymmetrical chest movement may indicate….
diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac lesions inducing failure, pneumothorax, or phrenic nerve damage
Periodic breathing up to 20 sec pause is common in preterm infants and may persist for several days in term infants. true or false?
true
Apnea (greater than 20 sec) in the term or late preterm is abnormal and may indicate what?
sepsis, hypoglycemia, cns injury or abnormality, or seizures, maternal drug ingestion
