Chest Pain Flashcards
(44 cards)
Three common causes of acute chest pain:
Angina
Hyperventilation
MI
CAD most commonly occurs between the ages of:
50 to 70
Three consequences of nicotine use:
- Increases myocardial demand for oxygen
- Increases adhesiveness of platelets
- Lowers the threshold for ventricular fibrillation
Consequence of carbon monoxide on the body:
prevents O2 from combining with hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin) which decreases O2 availability to tissues
______ serum cholesterol levels are associated with _____ incidence of CAD. _______ lipoproteins are ________ and directly related to CAD.
- Increased
- Increased
- Low density
- Atherogenic
What type of lipoproteins show an inverse relationship with CAD?
HDLs
_____ and ______ both increase incidence of CAD.
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Two types of chronic ischemia:
Heart failure
Dysrhythmias
Two types of acute ischemia:
Angina
TIA
Two types of infarction:
MI
CVA
There are four ways to develop atherosclerotic lesions. There can be a multiplication of _________ in the intimal layer in response to pressure changes. An increased ______ of ______ into lesions leading to plaque formation. You can develop a ______ tissue ingrowth. ______ deposition creates a hard lesion to obstruct blood flow.
- smooth muscle cells
- influx of lipids
- fibrous tissue ingrowth
- calcium deposition
Location of atherosclerosis are commonly in _______ segments of medium sized coronary arteries, arteries on the surface of _______, or the most common site is the _______ branch of the ______ coronary artery.
- proximal segments of medium coronary arteries
- surface of myocardium
- anterior descending branch of left coronary artery
______ is a sign indicating that they have CAD. This indicates that the myocardium is not receiving enough oxygen, signaling that ________ has developed.
- Angina
- Myocardial ischemia
How long does stable angina last and how is it relieved?
- lasts 1 to 15 minutes
- relieved with rest and/or nitroglycerine
When is variant angina most likely to occur? What is it often associated with? What causes it?
- at rest; often wakes patient up at night
- associated with dysrhythmias or conduction defects
- caused by coronary artery spasm
What would be some signs and symptoms of variant angina? What relieves it?
- Syncope, dyspnea, palpitation
- Nitroglycerine
What does unstable angina lie between?
stable angina and acute MI
Subsets of angina:
Group I: angina on ________
Group II: angina on _____ with a ______ pattern
Group III: angina at _____ lasting 15+ minutes.
Group I: angina on effort of recent origin
Group II: angina on exertion with a changing pattern
Group III: angina at rest lasting 15+ minutes.
Should you treat patient with unstable angina?
NO! Treat them as though they just had an MI
If a patient uses these words, it’s probably NOT anginal:
Shooting Knife like Sharp Stabbing Fleeting Tingling
If a patient uses these words, it probably IS anginal:
Dull, aching, heavy pain
Squeezing, pressing, strangling
Constricting, bursting, burning, weight on chest, “gas”
_____ episode characterizes angina. What is it?
Levine sign
closed hand/fist to chest
Where is pain located for angina? Is it usually localized or generalized?
- middle and substernally
- generalized
- may radiated to left shoulder, distally down medial surface of left arm (uncommon areas include right shoulder, left neck, left side of face and mandible, upper epigastrium)
If chest pain lasts less than 30 seconds, it is not anginal but _____.
non cardiac origin
