Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

#Psychology Year 2 > Child > Flashcards

Child Flashcards

1
Q

A01 bowlby/ attachment

A

Beneficial for survival so we have adapted to have them
Social releasers cause parents to care
Critical period- 6 month - 2.5 years
Monotropy- bowlby- bond between mother and baby
Secure and safe- we form attachments as a safe base
IWM- schema for future relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A03 strengths for attachment/ bowlby

A

Lorenz- baby geese and critical period
Harlow- shows deprivation
Bowlby- 44 theives shows seperation causes crime
Useful for day cares and hospitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A03 weaknesses for attachment/ bowlby

A

Hard to test evolutionary theories
Animal studies do not always apply
Treated deprivation and privation similarly even though they are different
Focused on seperation rather then reasons for seperation
Socially sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is deprivation

A

Loss of primary care giver
Attachment formed and broken
ST or LT
Long term can be irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of deprivation

A

Daycare
Death
Divorce
Hospitalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the stages of short term deprivation

A

Protest
Despair
Detachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is protest in short term deprivation

A

Children show great distress, crying for absent caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is despair in STD

A

Children become calmer but show little interest in anything. Uninterested in other activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the detachment stage of STD

A

Children appear to have coped, but more emotionally unresponsive, avoid new attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Long term deprivation features

A

Bowlby believes must have constant contact for first two years
Any breaking causes damage to intellectual, social and personality
Poor internal working model
Permanent and irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the ways of reducing deprivation

A 
Provide substitute figure 
Daycares provide single figure to attach too 
Reduce time away from attachment figure
Less time in daycare
Minimise conflict if divorce 
Maintain contact with old partners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deprivation evaluation (strengths)

A

+Bowlby is supporting evidence, more thieves had broken monotropic bond
+ spitz showed institutionalised people can suffer depression when in orphanage
+Goldfarb early fostering can still mean someone is stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evaluation of deprivation ( weakness)

A

Blames parents for neglect
Bowlby emphasised Role of Single caregiver is not like real life
Daycare improved social skills which does not agree with hypothesis
Robertson- suggested we can recover from long term deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is privation

A

Lack of an attachment figure
Attachment never formed
Cases of severe neglect like genie. Never had opportunity to bond in first place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was ainsworths study called

A

Strange situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the procedure for ainsworth

A

Structured observation in lab ( tinted glass so not seen)
3m play session
Mother and child together,stranger come in and interacts with child, mother leaves, stranger anxiety measured, mother returns, reaction measured again, stranger leaves, mother leaves and stranger returns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What were Ainsworth’s results

A

Secure -70%- distress when alone, high Sep anxiety, easily comforted
Insecure avoidant-20%- no stranger anxiety, no seperation anxiety, no comfort
Insecure resistant-10%~ strange anxiety, lots of seperation anxiety, difficulties comforting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are ainsworths conclusion I

A

Different types of attachment

Caused by responsiveness to the parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ainsworth strengths

A

Lab setting- no extraneous variables
Highly standardised
Ethical- parents can leave if child gets too distressed
Low demand characteristics
Many observers judge High inter rater reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ainsworth weaknesses

A

staged low EV
distressing to children
does not account for individual differences
strange situation is distressing for japanese children
not appropriate for those already in daycare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Can privation be overcome +

A

genie- could be learning difficulties which caused irreversibility
sleep spindle= mr from birth
freud- concentration camp survivours recovered
czech twins recovered after good care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

can privation be overcome -

A

Genie showed poor outcome compared to czech twins- could be lack of twin
czech twins only reversible because it was a young age
freud’s study is unique not generalisable
curtis grammar never improved beyond a toddler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is cross cultural research

A

conduct same procedure across cultures and compare
sees whether universal and nature/nurture
better appreciation of impact of culture such as child rearing
conducting in different cultures ensures high generalisability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the strengths of cross cultural research

A

allows us to see whether something is genetic or environmental
if universal then it is likely to be nature
reduces ethnocentrism
better generalisability
can suggest better ways to measure behaviours across cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the weaknesses of cross cultural research
research tools may not apply- ie strange situation was designed for US children may impose what behaviour we see as normal may overlook cultural differences subcultures arent generalised
26
what are the features of autism
75% are male-developmental disorder autism is on a spectrum, aspergers is at the bottom people with autism find difficulty forming relationships 10% have a really good specific ability
27
what is common among people with autism
delayed speech and language lack of eye contact unresponsiveness repetitve and ritualistic behaviour
28
what are the explanations of autism
extreme male brain | theory of mind
29
what is the extreme male brain theory of autism
prenatal exposure to testosterone brains become more masculinised less connected corpus callosum- features in men which are more extreme in autism men are more likely to be systemisers- liking patterns rules and organisation
30
EMB explains behaviours and features like
``` difficulties understanding emotion males more common then females play involves stacking and lining love of routine delayed speech- males develop speech slower ```
31
EMB strengths
Falter- those with ASD done better at mental rotation tasks Empirical and scientific useful and has face validity wen and wen- Traits linked to anti social personality which more men have
32
EMB weaknesses
Falter found no correspondance between finger ratio and ability to complete tasks could be impairment in theory of mind cause and effect- which way round emb cause testosterone or vice versa may not be full picture as we don't see other effects like hightened aggression
33
What is the cognitive theory of autism
Theory of mind
34
describe how TOM explains autism
autism caused by cognitive deficit impaired theory of mind - poor ability to have world perspective develops 2-3 years old but those with autism have impaired sally anne test
35
what behaviours does TOM explain
difficulties explaining peoples emotions delayed speech less purpose of speech at young age so delayed explains when we see onset of autism
36
TOM strengths
sally anne test supports as those with autism found it hard to predict the behaviour baron cohen test showed those with autism were less able to identify emotions Osterling and Dawson- children who were later diagnosed as autistic paid less attention to peoples faces
37
TOM weaknesses
Biological explanation makes this less credible not empirical cause and effect does not explain to male and female ratio Sheeran et al - high functioining teenage autistics had little different in theory of mind
38
what are the two treatments of autism
CBT and ABA
39
CBT for autism description
works on reducing anxiety felt by children with autism based on exploring and getting rid of a child with autisms faulty thoughts learn skills to deal with stressful situations 1:1 with therapist CBT tailored to focus on social coaching
40
CBT for autism strengths
Wood-anxiety from autistic people greatly reduced 78% individual based therapy teaches skills so it is a long lasting gives more control of therapy then aba
41
CBT for autism weaknesses
Children may struggle with verbal nature of the therapy costly and time consuming mainly designed for anxiety related to autism
42
what is the ABA therpay for autism
based upon ABC model- all behaviour has an action that triggers it often done in descrete trail training- good for teaching life skills ABA involves breaking down complex things into small steps effective ways of interaction is shown and rewarded, based on operant conditioning no reinforcement for poor behaviour
43
ABA strengths
lovas- 47% acheive normal educational functioning can involve parents and others continue training outside therapy can be used for variation of behaviour individually tailored for each child
44
ABA weaknesses
only shown benefit for short period after ABA behaviour may go extinct may not generalise to other situations social control- what society deems as acceptable warren et al- 90 studies were poor quality ABA
45
What is cross cultural research
Conducting study in multiple countries Comparisons to test nature nurture Allows to see impact of culture and generalisability Can suggest more suitable tools to measure behaviour
46
What are the strengths of cross culture research
Allows to test for biological and evolutionary causes Reduces ethnocentric bias In research Can suggest different tools to measure behaviour Generalisable less ethnocentric
47
What are the weaknesses of Cross culture research
Research tools may not apply ( strange situation designed for US not other kids ) May have imposed Etic May overlook cultural differences Subcultures May not be represented in sample
48
What were the results of strange situation in different countries
USA - S 70% A 20 R 10% Israel- 37% 13. 50 Germany- 33. 49. 18 Japan- 68. 0. 32
49
What was the aim of van ijzendoorn
To see if there are variations in attachment between cultures using the strange situation via meta analysis score across 8 cultures
50
What is cross cultural research
Conducting study in multiple countries Comparisons to test nature nurture Allows to see impact of culture and generalisability Can suggest more suitable tools to measure behaviour
51
What are the strengths of cross culture research
Allows to test for biological and evolutionary causes Reduces ethnocentric bias In research Can suggest different tools to measure behaviour Generalisable less ethnocentric
52
What are the weaknesses of Cross culture research
Research tools may not apply ( strange situation designed for US not other kids ) May have imposed Etic May overlook cultural differences Subcultures May not be represented in sample
53
What were the results of strange situation in different countries
USA - S 70% A 20 R 10% Israel- 37% 13. 50 Germany- 33. 49. 18 Japan- 68. 0. 32
54
What was the aim of van ijzendoorn
To see if there are variations in attachment between cultures using the strange situation via meta analysis score across 8 cultures
55
what was miyakes findings (Japan)
68%- secure | 32%- Insecure
56
what was Grossman and Grossman findings (Germany)
33% secure 49% avoidant 18% insecure
57
what was the aim of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
to see whether there were vicarious in attachments between cultures using strange situation.via analysis across 8 cultures. also looking for differences within a culture
58
what was the sample of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
32 strange situation studies from 8 cultures, 1900 children in total. none with special needs
59
what was the procedure of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
meta analysis using secondary data 32 strange situation studies only used studies with 3 main attachment types procedure of strange situation
60
what were the results of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
secure attachments most common form highest in UK avoidant most common in Germany differences within cultures
61
strengths of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
``` secondary data allows for larger amounts compare and look for trends patterns large sample size not ethnocentric cross culture is useful ev limited ```
62
weaknesses of Van Izjendoorn and Kroonenberg
``` publication bias could be a problem because studies get published too much focus on US some had anomalies only mono tropic bond reductionist ```
63
what is daycare
consists of family members looking after a child, sending to child minders or nursery there are rules and regulations enforced by ofsted.
64
what was the contemporary study in child
Li
65
what was the aim of Li
to see the effects on cognitive, language and pre academic skills in children who received either high or low quality care at infant toddler pre-school level
66
procedure of li
use of secondary data 1364 families, from North America assessed 6,15,24,36, 54 months ORCE assessment scores more the 3.0 indicate high q care
67
what was controlled in li
``` ethnicity gender birth order child temperament maternal attitudes ```
68
what were results of Li
``` early H- good cognitive. no effect on memory HH- best at everything LL- worst outcomes LH- better then HL maths is most affected ```
69
strengths of li
``` large sample size 1364 children, 10 different locations several methods used triangulation longitudinal EVs eliminated quantitative data useful judgements ```
70
weaknesses of Li
``` secondary data from NICHD, may not be perfect Reduces quality of care to number scale can't eliminate EVs ethnocentric only looked at cognitive academic ```
71
what is the Child key question
what should parents consider before sending to daycare
72
why is daycare an issue A01
many parents need to go back to work after the birth of a child consists of various different things each family or nursery childminders and nursery nurses are qualified, whereas you know family members parents may worry about daycare quality
73
what should parents consider in daycare A02
child to staff ratio staff are highly qualified full time daycare can be negative key workers provide another attachment figure
74
what are the strengths of daycare
Li and her findings EPPE project found children benefit socially Clarke Stewart- those who went to nurseries better at dealing with social situations shea children more sociable longer they were in nursery
75
what are the weaknesses of daycare
NICHD found it can lead to behaviour problems those mothers who lacked responsiveness did less well at daycare Vandell- extensive childcare since infancy can lead to poor academic skills
76
what are the ethics
``` informed consent deception confidentiality debrief withdrawl protection ```
77
what must be done when discussing ethics in child
link to studies or how it would relate to child psychology itself
78
what is the UNCRC
UN charter for rights of a child
79
what are the 4 principles of the UNCRC
participation protection provision privacy
80
what was the aim of the child practical
to see whether there was a relationship between secure attachment as a child and adult secure attachment
81
what was procedure of our practical
24 participants from friends and family or from 6th form made a questionnaire with closed likert scale piloted it with a small group of people right to withdraw and debrief
82
what were the results of our practical
scored each question out of maximum of 5 one or two questions scores were reversed spermans rho analysis larger then significant value we accept our hypothesis
83
what are the strengths of our practical
standardized quantitative data pilot study
84
weaknesses of our practical
``` one weakness is social desirability sample size quantitative data interpretation of numbers correlation doesn't imply causation ```
85
what is thematic analysis
analysing qualitative data | coding into themes
86
what is the process of creating a thematic analysis
``` familiarization with data genertaing initial codes searching for themes reviewing themes defining and naming themes producing final report ```
87
strengths of thematic analysis
indepth research into quantitative data derive themes not preselect them reduces large amount of data into manageable summary
88
weaknesses of thematic analysis
interpretation is a problem time consuming low inter rater reliability
89
what is grounded theory
inductive- don't start off with a theory analysis of qualitative data creates theories via inductive methods open code your data noting down important things as you come across them selective coding is when your theory almost complete so look for evidence
90
what are the strengths os grounded theory
allows for in depth qualitative data encourages researcher to derive themes and theories rather than impose pre selected ones able to test inter rater reliability
91
what are the weaknesses of grounded theory
interpretation, subjectivity is a problem it is time consuming may have low inter rater reliability not scientific

#Psychology Year 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions