Child & Adolescent Development Theories

Question 1

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 1

Graph that shows that individuals must satisfy a basic series of needs before they can reach their full potential. (Pyramid with 8 levels of needs)

Question 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs level 1

Answer 2

Physiological needs
Biological requirements for survival, such as water, food, shelter, & clothing

Question 3

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 2

Answer 3

Safety
Protection from the elements, financial & physical security, law & order, & freedom from fear

Question 4

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 3

Answer 4

Love & Belonging
Interpersonal relationships like friendships, intimacy, trust, romance & love, & being part of a group

Question 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 4

Answer 5

Esteem
Self-respect, respect for others, achievements, Independence, status, & prestige

Question 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 5

Answer 5

Cognitive
Curiosity, knowledge, & Intellectual exploration

Question 6

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 6

Answer 6

Aesthetic
Focus on the search for & expression of beauty & balance, which can be found in nature or artistic pursuits such as painting, architecture, & music

Question 7

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 7

Answer 7

Self-Actualization
Personal growth, fulfillment, the realization of ones personal potential as a human bring or-as Maslow put it- a desire “to become everything 1 is capable of becoming”

Question 8

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Level 8

Answer 8

Transcendences
Meeting spiritual needs or helping others achieve self-actualization

Question 9

True or False? Psychological needs are the 1st needs that must be met in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 9

True! Psychological needs are at the bottom of the pyramid & are thus the 1st needs that must be met

Question 10

Lucas is a 4th grade student who has read almost every book in the classroom library. He ask its teacher if she will bring him some more “bigger kid” books to read because he is bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is Lucas trying to satisfy?

Answer 10

Cognitive! Lucas seems curious about more advanced books & seems motivated to test his reading skills

Question 11

True or False? Anika has served on student council for the past two years. Now that she is a senior, she believes that she is more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office.
Anika is attempting to meet a safety need.

Answer 11

False! By applying for a more prestigious position, Anika is most likely attempting to meet an esteem need or perhaps a belonging need.

Question 12

Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.

The school calls an assembly each quarter to distribute academic achievement awards to students who have maintained a B average or higher for the quarter.

Answer 12

Esteem! When students’ achievements are recognized, their self-esteem improves.

Question 13

Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.

A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities.

Answer 13

Love & Belonging! Social needs can be met when students work together to solve problems or create projects.

Question 14

Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.

A school institutes a rigorous anti-bullying program.

Answer 14

Safety! An anti-bullying program can help students feel safer and more secure in the classroom and on the playground.

Question 15

Match deficiency need with the correct example of how educators can help students meet that need.

The school cafeteria opens early to provide free and reduced price breakfasts to eligible students.

Answer 15

Physiological! Physiological needs include basic necessities such as adequate sleep, warm clothing, and nutritious food.

Question 16

what are Arnold Gesell’s 4 stages of Physical Development

Answer 16

Infancy (Birth-2 years), Early Childhood (2-6 years), Middle Childhood (6-10 years), Adolescence (10-18 years)

Question 17

In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Infancy stage (Birth-2 years)

Answer 17

1st year: hold head up, roll over, sit, crawl, walk
2nd year: walk w/ better coordination, manipulate small toys w/ their hands
By age 2: feed themselves w/ hands, make small tower of toys, throw a ball, move zipper up & down

Question 18

In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Early Childhood Stage (2-6 years)

Answer 18

Toddlers: love to run, jump, & tumble, fine motor skills development allows them to sting together beads, Put together jigsaw puzzle, scribble then print or draw rudimentary figures
By age 4: Many can print name, begin to dress & undress themselves, eat w/ utensils

Question 19

In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Adolescence Stage (10-18 years)

Answer 19

Early Adolescence: Weight & height begin to increase rapidly, Puberty begins girls earlier than boys but both experience increase in hormones may impact behavior, may begin to think of themselves as adults & reject adult authority
Late Adolescents: boys grow taller & more muscular than most girls
Older Adolescents: reach sexual maturity, girls physical growth slows, boys may cont. to grow into early adulthood

Question 19

In Gesell’s stages of Physical Development what happens in the Middle Childhood Stage (6-10 years)

Answer 19

Cont. to gain weight & height (slowly but steadily), permeant teeth begin to come in, begin participating in organized sports, coordination skills advance, Improvement in handwriting & drawings

Question 20

True or False? Arnold Gesell theorized that children develop according to distinct developmental stages.

Answer 20

True! Arnold Gesell’s maturational–developmental theory of child development postulated that children develop according to distinct developmental stages.

Question 21

Which two activities should an 18-month-old be able to perform?

Answer 21

Using fingers to eat crackers, Stacking blocks! Between 12 and 18 months of age, children typically learn how to feed themselves with their fingers and build a tower of cubes or blocks.

Question 22

True or False? In middle school classrooms, teachers can use the same activities for all children.

Answer 22

False! Not all students physically develop at the same rate. Individualized strategies and support are often necessary to help older children and adolescents build skills and address challenges.

Question 23

True or False? Ren is three years old. His preschool teacher is worried about him because he cannot print his name yet. The teacher's concern is justified.

Answer 23

False! Children do not typically develop the ability to print their names until about age four or five.

Question 24

In a kindergarten classroom, the teacher makes sure to provide the students with snack time midway through the school day. Which need would this action fulfill according to Maslow?

Answer 24

Physiological! Physiological needs are biological requirements for survival, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing.

Question 25

Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age. Recently developed the ability to roll a ball back and forth with an adult

Answer 25

18 month old in daycare! 18-month-old infants can manipulate toys with their hands and should have no problems rolling a ball to an adult.

Question 26

Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age. Recently developed the ability to draw a stick figure family representing himself, his parents, and his sister

Answer 26

5 year old kindergartner! 5-year-old would be unlikely to draw representationally but should have the fine motor skills to draw a stick figure family.

Question 27

Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age. Recently developed the ability to shoot baskets consistently on the school playground

Answer 27

9 year old 4th grader! Greater coordination of gross motor skills allows many 9-year-olds to participate in organized sports.

Question 28

Match the child with the physical development typical for a child of that age. Recently began growing facial hair along the upper lip

Answer 28

13 year old 8th grader! Secondary sexual characteristics begin to emerge in early adolescence.

Question 29

In a 10th-grade science class, the students participated in a round-robin discussion that focused on whether astronauts will successfully land on Mars. During the discussion, the teacher made sure that each student had a chance to participate in the conversation and share their opinion with the group. Which need would this action fulfill according to Maslow?

Answer 29

Love and belonging! Love and belonging needs involve interpersonal relationships—friendships, intimacy, trust, romance, and love, and being part of a group.

Question 30

Which physical activity suggests children are at the early childhood stage of physical development?

Answer 30

Children are running and hopping like bunnies at an outdoor egg hunt! Toddlers love to run, hop, tumble, climb, and swing.

Question 31

Which developmental group tends to grow an average of 4 inches per year?

Answer 31

Adolescence! Weight and height begin to increase rapidly in early adolescence.

Question 32

During a teacher meeting, a teacher was discussing the gains students had made this year in their handwriting. Which stage of physical development are the students in?

Answer 32

Middle childhood! Continued refinement of fine motor skills results in improved handwriting, and their drawings become increasingly representational.

Question 33

In a class, a teacher makes sure to provide students with a diverse set of play stations. These stations include puzzles, blocks, hula-hoops, and crafts, which all help build students' fine motor skills. Which stage of physical development are the students at?

Answer 33

Early childhood! Early fine motor skill development allows children to string beads and put together jigsaw puzzles.

Question 34

Which stage of physical development involves boys being typically taller and more muscular than girls of the same age?

Answer 34

Late adolescence! By late adolescence, boys have grown taller and more muscular than most girls of the same age.

Question 35

Fifth-grade language arts students created posters for a book they had read in class. After the posters were finished, the teacher hung the posters on the wall for all the class to see. Which need would hanging the posters on the wall fulfill?

Answer 35

Esteem! Esteem needs include self-respect, pride, respect from others, achievement, independence, status, and prestige.

Question 36

Which stage of physical development is a fourth-grade student who loves to play soccer?

Answer 36

Middle childhood! Children in middle childhood often begin to participate in organized sports as their speed and coordination skills advance.

Question 37

A student was happy to see a big letter "A" on the latest math test but admits to being a little bored with this easy math stuff. Which need would Maslow say the student is likely deficient in?

Answer 37

Cognitive! Cognitive needs involve curiosity, knowledge, and intellectual exploration.

Question 38

Which object would help a child work on their fine motor skills?

Answer 38

Scissors! Fine motor skills involve the use of small muscles such as those in the hands and fingers.

Question 39

Which stage of physical development would a child be at if they are learning to sew and are becoming quite good?

Answer 39

Middle childhood! During middle childhood, many children use their fine motor skills to sew, build models, or do other crafts.

Question 40

A teacher makes sure to say something positive to each student after they give their speech in class. Which need is the teacher trying to meet?

Answer 40

Esteem! Esteem needs include self-respect, pride, respect from others, achievement, independence, status, and prestige.

Question 41

Which stage of physical development is a child in who has just learned to print their name?

Answer 41

Early childhood! By age four, many children can print their names. Early childhood covers ages two to six.

Question 42

Piaget Theory Stage 1

Answer 42

0-2 years old Sensorimotor stage. Reflexive or active, Sucking, Grabbing, Looking, Listening, Crawling, Object permanence (unseen things still exist)

Question 43

Piaget theory stage 2

Answer 43

2- 7 years old Preoperational Play and pretend, Symbolic thinking (Pictures, numbers, letters), Language develops, Forms many new schemes, Egocentrism (focus on self, self-centered), Centration (focus on only one aspect )at a time

Question 44

Piaget theory stage 3

Answer 44

7-11 years old Concrete operational, Need concrete, hands-on, experience, Mental reversal (balloons inflate – deflate), Seriation, Sorting, Classifying, Conservation (Tall skinny glass and short fat glass hold same amount of liquid)

Question 45

Piaget Theory stage 4

Answer 45

12+ Formal observation Abstract thinking, Critical thinking, Hypothesize, Predict, Metaphors, Mental manipulations, Systematic problem-solving

Question 46

A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass and for William in a short, squat glass. Although both glasses contain the same amount of juice, Will exclaims, "Hey! No fair! I have less than Alice!" Which of Piaget's developmental stages is William in?

Answer 46

Preoperational! William is old enough to talk but not old enough to have grasped conservation.

Question 47

True or False? Diego knows that a horse is a large animal with four legs, a tail, and body hair. The first time he sees a cow, he calls it a horse. The word "horse" fits with Diego's schema for the characteristics of a cow.

Answer 47

True! A schema is a group of similar thoughts that children use to respond to their environment.

Question 48

Schemes, Schema

Answer 48

Organized patterns of knowledge, skills, experiences (file folders) A group of thoughts children use to categorize things. ( knowing a horse is big and has four legs, so when they saw a cow called it a horse)

Question 49

Adaptation

Answer 49

Process of making sense of new information (assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium)

Question 50

Assimilation

Answer 50

Similar information to existing scheme (same file folder)

Question 51

Accommodation

Answer 51

Modify, adjust, change, create new scheme (new file folder)

Question 52

Equilibrium

Answer 52

Everything makes sense

Question 53

A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass and for William in a short, squat glass. Although both glasses contain the same amount of juice, Will exclaims, "Hey! No fair! I have less than Alice!" Which of Piaget's developmental stages is William in?

Answer 53

Preoperational! William is old enough to talk but not old enough to have grasped conservation.

Question 54

True or False? Diego knows that a horse is a large animal with four legs, a tail, and body hair. The first time he sees a cow, he calls it a horse. The word "horse" fits with Diego's schema for the characteristics of a cow.

Answer 54

True! A schema is a group of similar thoughts that children use to respond to their environment.

Question 55

Vygotsky

Answer 55

Socioculture development. SOCIAl interaction between children and those around them and their cognition. Varies across cultures

Question 56

Elementary Mental Functions

Answer 56

having a tutor Attention, sensory, perception, memory

Question 57

Higher mental function

Answer 57

Becoming indpendent

Question 58

More knowledgable other

Answer 58

Vygotsky said children needed someone in order to show them

Question 59

Zone of proximal development

Answer 59

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction (When the child is actually learning)

Question 60

Vygotsky on language

Answer 60

Private speech or internal speech aids in development. Language is an accelerator for thinking and understanding. Watching and learning language form others.

Question 61

Scaffolding

Answer 61

ask leading questions. Provide hints, cues, examples

Question 62

Private speech

Answer 62

talk to myself- whisper or out loud

Question 63

Silent inner speech

Answer 63

Think inside my head

Question 64

Social Speech

Answer 64

Talk to Others

Question 65

Which statement accurately summarizes Vygotsky's thinking on cognitive development?

Answer 65

Much learning occurs via social interaction! The concept of the zone of proximal development illustrates this point.

Question 66

True or False? As Mei sits at a table alone drawing a picture of a house, she says aloud, "First I will draw a square. Now I will add the roof. I will put a chimney on top. Then I will put in some windows." Mei is engaging in social speech.

Answer 66

False! Social speech is speech directed toward others. Here Mei is using private speech as she tells herself how to draw a house.

Question 67

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 67

The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning! This is the zone of proximal development.

Question 68

What type of learning theory does Piaget use?

Answer 68

Cognitive Constructivist

Question 69

what type of learning theory does Vygotsky use

Answer 69

Social Constructivist

Question 70

True or False? Vygotsky emphasizes the role of culture on development far more than Piaget does.

Answer 70

True! As posited by Piaget, if cognitive development varies across cultures, then it cannot occur as a universal series of stages.

Question 71

established by the correct theorist A teacher shows a 5 year old student how to draw a tree, demonstrating the task for the student & giving the student examples

Answer 71

Vygotsky! Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interaction and learning.

Question 72

True or False? A classroom that emphasizes a student's social interaction with a more skilled partner is based on the ideas proposed by Piaget.

Answer 72

False! Piaget focused on children's independent growth and development, including their observations.

Question 72

established by the correct theorist. an 8 year old student uses plastic coins while learning how to add & subtract with money

Answer 72

Piaget! A child in the concrete operational stage needs to have concrete tools to complete the task.

Question 72

A child explores the environment through touching, smelling, tasting, moving, climbing, and crawling around. Which stage of development is the child experiencing?

Answer 72

Sensorimotor! In the sensorimotor stage children use their five senses (taste, smell, touch, sight, hearing) and motor skills (both gross and fine motor skills) to develop cognitively.

Question 73

A student is taking a state reading test. While reading each question, the student whispers each word under their breath. Which type of speech is the student using according to Vygotsky?

Answer 73

Private speech! Private speech is when we talk out loud to ourselves. This is when you have a private conversation with yourself.

Question 74

A middle school science class is working on science fair projects. One student has elected to do a project on how many types of germs may be found on surfaces in the school cafeteria. The student has already created a hypothesis about the types of germs likely to be found. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development does this represent?

Answer 74

Formal operational! The formal operational stage is made up of students in middle school, high school, and beyond. Students in this stage can form hypotheses, think abstractly, and think hypothetically.

Question 75

A high school social science teacher notices that students are not able to identify the impact that World War II had on the United States economy, although they do seem to have a good understanding of the basic facts, dates, and events of the war. Which strategy might the teacher use to help students look deeper into the topic, based on Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Answer 75

Ask leading questions to foster discussion! We ask students leading questions and provide hints, clues, and examples when we scaffold students. Scaffolding is a part of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. Teachers attempt to lead students to the answer rather than just give them the answer.

Question 76

A child who loves apple pie believes that all pies must be delicious. Which of Piaget's concepts is being demonstrated?

Answer 76

Assimilation! The s in assimilation stands for similar. The new information is similar to something previously learned and can be put in the same schema. The child has made a similar connection that all pies are delicious.

Question 77

A fifth-grade class is learning how to read maps and use a compass rose. The class is also trying to find the 13 colonies on a map. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory are they developing?

Answer 77

Concrete operational! Students in the concrete operational stage are in grade school. Also, the question is asking students to develop cognition through facts. In the concrete operational stage, students can think logically and factually.

Question 78

A teacher who is remotely teaching two students has one student fill a measuring cup full of chocolate milk and pour it into a tall glass. Then the other student fills the same measuring cup with chocolate milk and pours it into a short glass. The teacher asks the students which glass they want. Both say they want the tall glass because there is more chocolate milk in it. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development are the students in?

Answer 78

Preoperational! Both glasses contain the same amount of chocolate milk, but both students want the taller glass. In the preoperational stage, students develop cognition through symbolic (words) thought and by being egocentric. They relate all information through themselves. They also can only focus on one aspect at a time and are unable to do reversals in their head. They are focusing on height and unable to see the chocolate milk in their head be moved back to the measuring cup.

Question 79

Which strategy would exemplify scaffolding, based on Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Answer 79

Offering students hints or asking leading questions to help! Scaffolding is when we support students. We ask students leading questions and provide hints, clues, and examples. Teachers attempt to lead students to the answer rather than just give them the answer.

Question 80

Students in a third-grade class love to learn new facts. They enjoy sorting rocks from the playground by color and size. They also understand that other people have different thoughts and experiences, but it will be a few years before they can really understand analogies and metaphors. Which stage are these students in, according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Answer 80

Concrete operational! The concrete operational stage is made up of grade school students. At this stage, the students can think logically and factually. They can sort and classify.

Question 81

Two children are pretending to be the superheroes Captain America and Superman. While saving the world, they knock over another child's block tower. They do not understand why the other child is upset. To them, it was necessary to do so because it was in the way. Which stage of cognitive development are these two children in according to Piaget's theory?

Answer 81

Preoperational! In the preoperational stage, students learn through symbolic (words) thought and by being egocentric. They relate all information through themselves. They see the blocks being in their way and cannot understand the other child's perspective.

Question 82

A child is familiar with dogs and has seen many when out walking with her father. When the child sees a horse for the first time, she calls it a dog. Her father teaches her that not all four-legged creatures are called dogs. He explains that this big animal with long legs and a long face is called a horse. The next time the child sees a horse, she calls it a horse. Which process of differentiating is this called according to Piaget?

Answer 82

Accommodation! The c in accommodation stands for changing or creating schema. Information is accommodated when we have learned something incorrectly and must change our schema or when we have no information about something and must create a new schema. The child changes her schema about four-legged animals.

Question 83

A kindergarten teacher is doing a unit on working in a pizza parlor. The students color and decorate their own menu. In a section of the classroom, they have a kitchen, and the students enjoy pretending to run the pizza parlor. They even enjoyed it when a guest speaker came in and talked about his wood-fired pizza oven. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development are the students in?

Answer 83

Preoperational! The preoperational stage is made up of preschool and kindergarten students. The students in the question are in kindergarten. Students in the preoperational stage also enjoy pretend play.

Question 84

Which teaching strategy would be helpful for a third-grade class that is starting a new unit on science concepts, according to Piaget?

Answer 84

Review prior learning to help students connect new concepts to existing schemes! Schemes or schemas are part of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It is how Piaget says people organize information.

Question 85

Which teaching methodology is consistent with Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Answer 85

Having struggling math students work with students who have mastered the concept! Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development suggests students develop their cognition from a more knowledgeable other. Having struggling students work with students who have mastered the concept is an example of students working with a more knowledgeable peer.

Question 86

Which statement describes Piaget's concept of a scheme?

Answer 86

An organized pattern of behavior or thought! Piaget's concept of a scheme or schema is about how we organize information or learning.

Question 87

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 87

people are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of their lives

Question 88

Erikson's 1st Stage

Answer 88

Birth-12 months Crisis-Trust vs. Mistrust Virtue (+) Hope Outcome (-) Fear, Suspicion Provide love, care, food, & Need Comfort & Safety

Question 89

Erikson's 2nd Stage

Answer 89

1-3 years Crisis- Autonomy vs. Shame Virtue (+) Will Outcome (-) shame Me do stage, need for independence, insist on doing things on their own

Question 90

Erikson's 3rd Stage

Answer 90

3-6 years Initiative vs. Guilt Virtue (+) Purpose Outcome (-) Inadequacy Exploration, Trying new things on own, Asking lots of questions

Question 91

Erikson's 4th Stage

Answer 91

6-12 years Industry vs. Inferiority Virtue (+) Competence Outcome (-) Inferiority Intellectual curiosity, School performance, Need positive reinforcement, Praise, Avoid undue competition or criticism

Question 92

Erikson's 5th Stage

Answer 92

12-19 years Identity vs. Role Confusion Virtue (+) Fidelity Outcome (-) Rebellion Develop sense of self, Influenced by other’s reactions, Peers more important than parents or teachers, Social role models important, Figuring out what they want to do with life and after high school

Question 93

Erikson's 6th Stage

Answer 93

19-25+ years Intimacy vs. Isolation Virtue (+) Love Outcome (-) Isolation Best friends and soulmates, Developing intimate relationships, life partners

Question 94

Erikson's 7th Stage

Answer 94

25-50+ years Generativity vs. Stagnation Virtue (+) Care Outcome (-) Unproductive Caring for and contributing to society, Being productive and creative, Care for others

Question 95

Erikson's 8th Stage

Answer 95

50+ years Integrity vs. Despair Virtue (+) Wisdom Outcome (-) Dissatisfaction Reflection of life and if lived to fullest