Child Development Flashcards
Developmental Screening
-Birth hearing screening
-Hip screening
-Routine neonatal examination and 6-8 weeks checks
-HV screening at attendance for immunisations/weighing
-ASQ – Ages and Stages Questionnaire
-ASQ SE – Ages and Stages Questionnaire(Social and Emotional)
What are developmental milestones?
Developmental milestones must be considered in regards to their ‘median age of acquisition’ (when half of a standard population of children achieve that level) and the ‘limit age’ by which they should have been achieved. Limit ages are generally considered to be two standard deviations from the mean age of acquisition. If the skill is not achieved by this age, more detailed assessment, investigation or intervention may be required. For instance, when considering the milestone of walking – the median age is 12 months, with a limit age of 18 months.
Developmental milestones are acquired in a serial manner – one after the other – and their achievement follows a similar pattern between children.
Functional areas of developmental milestones
Gross motor
Vision and fine motor
Hearing, speech and language
Social, emotional and behavioural
Gross motor development milestones
-New-born
=Limbs flexed, symmetrical pattern
=Marked head lag on pulling up
-6-8 weeks
=Raises head to 45 degrees in prone (tummy-time)
-6-8 months
=Sits without support (initially with a round back, then eventually with a straight back by 8 months)
=Lying on abdomen arms extended, lying on back lifts and grasps feet, pulls self to sitting, held sitting back straight, rolls front to back
=Limit age: months
-8-9 months
=Pulls to standing
=Crawling
-10 months
=Stands independently
=Cruises around furniture
-12 months
=Walks unsteadily- a broad gait, with hands apart, walks with one held hand
=Limit age: 18 months
-15 months
=Walks steadily (refer at 18 months)
-2.5 years
=Runs and jumps
-3 years
=Ride tricycle using pedals, walks up stairs without holding onto rail
-4 years
=Hops on one leg
Vision and fine motor development milestones
-3 months
=Reaches for object
=Holds rattle briefly if given to hand
=Visually alert, particularly human faces
=Fixes and follows to 180 degrees
-6 weeks
=Follows moving object or face by turning the head (fixing and following)
=Holds in palmar grasp
=Pass objects from one hand to another
=Visually insatiable, looking around in every direction
=Limit age: 3 months
-4 months
=Reaches out for toys
=Limit age: 6 months
-4-6 months
=Palmar grasp
-7 months
=Transfers toys from one hand to another
=Limit age: 9 months
-10 months
=Mature pincer grip
=Points with finger
=Limit age: 12 months
-16-18 months
=Makes marks with crayons
-14 months-4 years (brick building)
=Tower of three – 18 months
=Tower of six – 2 years
=Tower of eight or a train with four bricks – 2.5 years
=Bridge (from a model) – 3 years
=Steps (after demonstration) – 4 years
-2-5 years (pencil skills- drawing without seeing how it is done, can copy 6 months earlier)
=Line – 2 years
=Circle – 3 years
=Cross – 3.5 years
=Square – 4 years
=Triangle – 5 years
Hearing, speech and language development milestones
-New-born
=Startles to loud noises
-3 – 4 months
=Vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs “aa, aa”
=Quietens to parents voice
=Turns towards sound
=Squeals
-7 months
=Turns to soft sounds out of sight
=Polysyllabic babble (“babababa, lalalalala”)
-7 – 10 months
=Sounds used indiscriminately at 7 months
=Sounds used discriminately to parents at 10 months “Dada, Mama”
-12 months
=Two to three words other than ‘Dada’ or ‘Mama’
=Understands name “Drink”
=Knows and responds to own name
-18 months
=6-10 words
=Is able to show two parts of the body “Where is your nose?” – Baby will point
-20 – 24 months
=Joins two or more words to make simple phrases “Give me teddy”
-2.5 – 3 years
=Talks constantly in 3 – 4-word sentences
=Understands 2 joined commands “Push me fast Daddy”
=Vocab 200 words
Social, emotional and behavioural development milestones
-6 weeks
=Smiles responsively
=Limit age: 8/10 weeks
-6 – 8 months
=Puts food in their mouth, 6 months not shy
-10 – 12 months
=Waves bye-bye, plays peek-a-boo, 9 months shy
-12 months
=Drinks from a cup with two hands
-18 months
=Holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth
-18 – 24 months
=Symbolic play
=Limit age: 2 – 2.5 years
-2 years
=Toilet training: dry by day
=Pulls off some clothing
-2.5 – 3 years
=Parallel play
=Interactive play evolving
=Takes turns
Neonate
-Palmar and plantar grasp
-Rooting
-Sucking
-Swallowing
-Moro reflex
-Asymmetric tonic neck reflex fencing posture)
-Galant (trunk incurvation) reflex
Sitting infant
6-1yr
-Sit without support
-Object permanence
-Transfer object
-Casting
-Crawling
-Drink from sipping cup
-Cruising
Lying infant
1-6 months
-Responsive smile
-Responds to sound
-Hands to mouth
-Feet to mouth
-Hand regard
Toddler
1-2 years
-6 single words
-50 single words
-Two word phrases
-Walk unaided
-Use spoon
-Jump on 2 feet
Pre-school child
-Use cutlery
-Speak in short sentences
-Drink from open cup
-Pedal a tricycle
-Put on trousers and jumper
-Shows hand preference (earlier than 18 months, red flag for pathology)
School aged children
-Write own name
-Buttons and zips
-Count to 10
-Brush teeth independently
-Cycle a two wheeled bike
-Wash own hair
What is Global Developmental Delay
-Evidence of significant delay in 2 or more domains
Boy late walking
-Duchenne’s MD consideration
-Screen by checking CK
-Confirm by genetics looking for dystrophin gene mutations
-X linked recessive
-rarely manifesting in female carriers
-Refer to neurology