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Block 5 > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of child development?

A

Baby – 0-1 year of age
Infant – 0- 2 years of age
Childhood – 2 -10 years of age
Pubertal - 10 years to adult

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2
Q

Where are growth charts held?

A

Parent held child health record (red book)

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3
Q

Which groups of children require adjustments to their growth charts or special charts?

A

Adjust chart for prematurity - less than 37 weeks

Special charts for Down’s syndrome and other common conditions

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4
Q

What measurements are recorded in the red book?

A

Weight

Length/Height: Infants

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5
Q

What is crossing a centile?

A

Crossing a centile line drawn on the centile chart

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6
Q

With regards to crossing centiles, when would you refer a child?

A

Refer a child who has fallen through 2 centiles

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7
Q

What might be causes of a child being small and thin?

A

Low weight, low height = Failure to thrive
Under nutrition
Chronic disease e.g. asthma, coeliac, cystic fibrosis, congenital heart malformations
Genetic Syndromes
Neglect

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8
Q

What can be causes of a child being tall and thin?

A

Most likely normal but monitor growth if concerned
Check weight following centiles
Some rare syndromes e.g. Marfan’s

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9
Q

What centiles would a tall overweight child fit into?

A

Ht 75 centile

Wt >98 centile

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10
Q

What are risks of a child being tall and overweight?

A

Early puberty and subsequent short stature

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11
Q

What could cause a child to be short and overweight?

A

Weight&raquo_space; height
Growth hormone deficiency
Hypothyroidism

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12
Q

Describe the vicious cycle of childhood obesity

A

Healthy child watches TV, eats snacks, under active -> mildly obese child
Make excuses for less activity and gain further weight -> moderately obese child
Exercise becomes uncomfortable and physically difficult -> severely obese child
Develop conditions such as asthma, diabetes, MSK, CAD which prevent exercise through to adulthood -> obese adult

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13
Q

What is a head circumference measurement?

A

Occipito-frontal circumference – OFC
Measures brain growth
80% of brain growth before age 5 years
Paper tape measure

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14
Q

Describe infant brain growth

A

At full-term, baby’s brain has 100 billion neurons
Brain not fully developed, has to be “wired up” after birth and baby’s brain will increase in weight from 400g at birth, to 1000g at 1 year p
Increase in weight is caused by proliferation of synapses

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15
Q

What does proliferate and prune mean?

A

During sensitive period of brain development, proliferation of synapses Large numbers are generated in short space of time
Active synapses that are used will be stabilised and remain and ones not used will be “pruned”
“use it or lose it”

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16
Q

When does development of the orbitofrontal regions occur?

A

Post natally

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17
Q

How are experiences incorporated into developing synaptic connections?

A

Experience-expectant: environmental input that everyone experiences, which play a necessary part in organising developing nervous system eg visual cortex which expects to be exposed to light and patterned visual information and needs this experience for normal development
Experience-dependent mechanisms: unique experiences of each individual baby produces a unique wiring of their brain and therefore enables them to adapt to specific features of individual environment that they inhabit

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18
Q

What are important Experience-expectant aptitudes?

A

Sensory pathways of vision and hearing, social and emotional development, language and higher cognitive functions
Sets the scene for experience-dependent experiences, which supply the more detailed script based on each child’s individual experiences

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19
Q

When is experience dependant development optimised?

A

When it takes place during sensitive developmental periods
However, it can take place at any time not just during sensitive developmental period (defining characteristic)
Brain is plastic across lifespan which makes it possible for us to change our behaviours, learn new skills and recover following a stroke

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20
Q

What are the developmental domains?

A 
Physical – posture, gross and fine motor/vision 
Cognitive  
Social and emotional 
Communication – speech and language/ hearing
Locomotion  
Manipulation 
Speech/Language 
Behaviour
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21
Q

How can we assess development?

A

Use developmental milestones which are behaviours or physical skills

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22
Q

What are the Mary Sheridan (From Birth to Five Years) Stages of development Domains?

A

Posture and large movements
Vision and fine movements
Hearing and speech
Social behaviour and play

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23
Q

What are the five domains of the age and stage questionnaire?

A 
Communication  
Gross motor  
Fine motor  
Problem solving 
Personal and social
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24
Q

What are reasons for developmental delay?

A

Chronic illness
Lack of stimulation
Sensory impairment
Developmental disorder

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25
Q

What are Important Milestones Social and Emotional?

A

Regards primary carer’s face
Smiles, coos, responds
Takes everything to mouth (sensory motor)
Aware of other people’s interests and experiences
Aware of strangers

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26
Q

What are Important Speech and language Milestones (hearing)?

A 
Cries  
Startled by noises  
Laughs, chuckles and squeals in play 
Screams with annoyance  
Vocalises 
Babbles loudly and tunefully  
Understands “no” and “bye-bye” 
Immitates
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27
Q

At what age should a child comprehend simple instructions?

A

8-12 months

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28
Q

At what age should a child speak 2-6 comprehensible words?

A

12 - 18 months

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29
Q

At what age will a child be able to link words together?

A

Around 24 months

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30
Q

What are characteristics of IDS (infant directed speech)?

A

Higher pitch
Rising intonations
Exaggerated
Melodic

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31
Q

What are important gross motor milestones?

A 
Head lag resolved  
Rolls over – front to back and back to front 
Lies prone with arms extended  
Takes weight on legs when supported 
Sits unaided  
Pulls to standing 
Stands holding on 
Sits back down         
Crawls    
Walks
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32
Q

What are important Milestones for vision and fine motor?

A

Turns to light
Follows finger or object
Grasps
Holds objects
Passes from hand to hand (palmar grasp and transfer)
Pokes an object
Picks up small object between finger and thumb – inferior pincer grip

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33
Q

What are Red Flag Warnings in development?

A

No social smile by 8 weeks
Not reaching for objects by 5 months
Not sitting unsupported by 10 months
Not walking alone by 18 months
Not saying any single words by 18 months
Not speaking in short phrases by 2 ½ years

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34
Q

What is the document used in children’s public health?

A

Healthy child program

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35
Q

What is Infant Mental health (IMH) ?

A

Developing capacity of child from birth to 3
Experience, regulate and express emotions
Form close interpersonal relationships
Explore environment
Learn in context of family, community and mental health expectations for young children
Synonymous with healthy social and emotional development

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36
Q

What is Emotional Behavioural Disorder?

A

Present with externalising or internalising behaviour

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37
Q

How many children have emotional behaviour disorder?

A

1 in 5

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38
Q

What is the difference between bonding and attachment?

A

The mother bonds to the baby

The baby makes an attachment to the parent

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39
Q

What is attachment?

A

Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety where primary goal is to reduce stress and to restore feelings of security

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40
Q

What are the Two Core behavioural Systems of attachment?

A

Infant: PROXIMITY seeking
SEPARATION PROTEST

Parents: SAFE HAVEN
SECURE BASE

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41
Q

What is PROXIMITY seeking?

A

Infant seeking security when hurt or upset

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42
Q

What is separation protest?

A

Crying when separated from attachment safety figures

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43
Q

What is SAFE HAVEN?

A

‘If I am upset, I can run to mum and she will comfort me’

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44
Q

What is secure base?

A

‘I am secure enough in my relationship with my mum to be able to begin to take an interest in the world around me and to explore it’

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45
Q

When is the Attachment System activated?

A

Anxiety and stress, crying

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46
Q

Describe the healthy attachment cycle

A 
Baby has a need
Baby cries
Needs met by parent
Trust develops
Secure attachment promoted
Repeat
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47
Q

Describe a disturbed attachment cycle

A 
Baby has a need
Cries
Needs not met by parent 
Rage develops instead of trust
Insecure or disorganised attachment promoted
Repeat
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48
Q

Why does attachment develop?

A

Mechanism to promote infant’s safety and survival
Dyadic regulation of affect, emotion
Dyad (primary caregiver and infant) jointly regulate infant’s stress and emotions
Infants need help from their PC’s to both down-regulate and up-regulate their emotional states

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49
Q

What are the types of attachment that can form?

A

Secure

Insecure: Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganised

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50
Q

What percent of population will have secure attachments?

A

65%

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51
Q

What is avoidant attachment?

A

Not very explorative
Disengaged
Mother is emotionally distant and disengaged
Subconsciously believes needs will not be met

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52
Q

What is ambivalent attachment?

A 
Anxious
Insecure 
Angry
Inconsistent parenting 
Can't rely on needs being met
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53
Q

What is disorganised attachment?

A

Depressed
Angry
Completely passive
Non responsive
Erratic parenting, frightened or frightening, passive or intrusive
Severely confused child with no strategy for needs being met

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54
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

Received caregiving that was responsive when they were distressed and they are able to be comforted by their caregiver and to use
their caregiver as a secure base

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55
Q

What are benefits of secure attachment?

A

Optimal later functioning across a range of domains including school, emotional, social and behavioural adjustment, peer-rated social status

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56
Q

What are outcomes of insecure attachment?

A

Poorer outcomes in later childhood: emotional, social and behavioural adjustment, scholastic achievement and peer-rated social status
Interfere with peer relations, intimacy, caregiving and caretaking, sexual
functioning, conflict resolution, and increased relational aggression

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57
Q

What is disorganised attachment a predictor of?

A

Significant later psychopathology

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58
Q

What type of attachment is common in neglect?

A

Disorganised

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59
Q

What are Dimensions of Sensitive Parenting?

A

Awareness – sensitive parents are alert to subtle cues from their babies
Responsiveness – Empathetic awareness of baby’s experience. Gives appropriate well-timed responses
Cooperation – respect for baby’s autonomy, non-intrusive and does not impose their own wishes
Acceptance – Capacity to bear frustrations of caring for a baby. To feel love and acceptance of the baby’s individuality

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60
Q

What is Parental Reflective Functioning?

A

Capacity to understand infant’s behaviour in terms of internal states/feelings

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61
Q

What is Low Reflective Functioning?

A

Associated with emotionally unresponsive maternal behaviours:
Withdrawal
Hostility
Intrusiveness

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62
Q

What are key aspects of early parenting that promote secure attachment and development of self?

A

Nurturance

Emotional and behavioural regulation

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63
Q

What are the stages of Cognitive Development?

A

Sensori-motor 0-2 years
Pre-operational 2-7 years
Concrete operations 7-11/12 years
Formal operations 11/12-16 years

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64
Q

What did Erickson say about Stages of Psychosocial Development?

A

Emotional and social development linked to cognitive and language development
The way adults respond to young children has potentially long lasting effects on their self-image
In infants - development of trust or mistrust is important

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65
Q

What did Jean Piaget say on Stages of Cognitive Development?

A

Activities should support thinking

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66
Q

What are Kohlberg’s Moral Developmental Stages?

A

Individuals develop moral reasoning in 6 stages and pass through 3 levels. Sex roles emerge as stage-like development in cognition
Level 1: pre conventional morality, punishment obedience orientation
Level 2: conventional morality, good boy nice girl law and order
Level 3: post conventional morality, social contract ethical principle

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67
Q

What is the key factor of Kohlberg’s infants?

A

Obedience versus punishment

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68
Q

What is the definition of adolescence?

A

Process of autonomisation: increasing competencies on own competences
Acquisition of a stable identity: who one is, what one’s life should look like, how others see one
10-19 years old

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69
Q

Describe the adolescent process

A 
Early Adolescence (10-13 years) 
Middle Adolescence (13-16 years) 
Late Adolescence (17-20 years)
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70
Q

Describe changes in the adolescent changes

A

Brain developing and reorganisating
Increase in pruning (specialisation and honing of specific skills)
Myelination
More efficient but less adaptable

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71
Q

When do the frontal lobes develop?

A

One of the last areas of the brain to develop fully

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72
Q

What is the pre frontal cortex and when is it remodelled?

A

Decision-making part of brain, responsible for ability to plan and think about consequences of actions, solve problems and control impulses
Re-modelled last

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73
Q

Describe the Limbic system in brain development

A

Risk and emotionally driven behaviour is rooted

Adolescents don’t always have a lot of self-control or good judgment and are more prone to risk-taking behaviour

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74
Q

Describe the role of the Amygdala in brain development

A

Associated with emotions, impulses, aggression and instinctive behaviour
Adolescents rely on amygdala to make decisions and solve problems more than adults do
Adolescents show greater activity and vulnerability in their amygdala than adults

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75
Q

What does brain growth and development promote?

A

Thinking more logically
Thinking about things more abstractly – things are no longer so black or white
Picking up more on other people’s emotional cues

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76
Q

What effect can smoking during adolescence have on the brain?

A

More nicotine receptors develop and remain in place

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77
Q

What effects do drugs have on the adolescent brain?

A

Exposure to drugs during adolescence (cocaine) increases risk of addiction in adulthood
Cannabis hugely increases the risk of adolescents developing psychotic symptoms later

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78
Q

Describe dopamine levels in the adolescent brain

A

Human reward system (new and exciting activities) linked with dopamine
All addictive drugs increase dopamine levels. Dopamine levels are altered in adolescence
Adolescents dopamine systems can appear to be in overdrive

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79
Q

Is Adolescence an unhappy time?

A

Adolescence may be seen as an unhappy time because they require pleasure seeking to get a dopamine hit and counter low mood

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80
Q

What can be causes of teenage stresses?

A

Drugs, alcohol and high-risk behaviour, starting a new school, peer pressure, or major life events like moving house or death of a loved one

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81
Q

Describe the link between stress and the adolescent brain

A

Incidence of poor mental health increases during teenage years
Developing brain more vulnerable to stress factors than adult brain

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82
Q

What changes can lead to increased aggression?

A

Hormonal

Chemical

83
Q

Why does Reassessment of body image occur?

A

Physiological clumsiness

Sexual arousal

84
Q

How do adolescents sleep patterns differ from adults?

A

Naturally sleep and wake up 2 hours later than adults due to shifting of their melatonin release

85
Q

What connection is there between peer relationships and adolescents?

A

Adolescents tend to identify increasingly with their peer group and become less dependent on their families
Earlier attachment relationships solid platform from which independence grows
Better peer relationships tend to go hand in hand with better parental relationships

86
Q

What differences in attachment occur in adolescents?

A

More autonomous but at times of crisis return to parental secure base

87
Q

What Predicts the quality of romantic relationships in early adulthood?

A

Quality of care-giving in first 42 months

88
Q

What characteristics are Ambivalently Classified Adolescents likely to have?

A 
Negative self-concept 
More prone to risky behaviour 
Drawn to their peers 
Emotionally volatile 
Negative reactions feel like the end of the world
89
Q

What characteristics are avoidantly classified adolescents likely to have?

A

Don’t engage with issues of emotional need, anxiety or dependency
Talk vaguely about relationships with attachment figures
Greater risk of externalising and conduct disorders
Not good at asking for help

90
Q

What characteristics are disorganised attachment adolescents likely to have?

A 
Hyperarousal 
Controlling 
Disorganised-controlled attachments are complex (child has tried to manage a parent who is a source of fear and alarm) 
A way to stay safe is to be in control 
Survival has been the behavioural driver
91
Q

What is the best predictor we have of serious psychopathology in
adolescence?

A

Disorganised attachment at a year

92
Q

What are social developmental tasks?

A

Emotional separation from parents
Peer identity- development of social autonomy
Exploratory behaviours (smoking, drinking, drugs)
Development of intimate relationships
Development of vocational capabilities and financial independence Emergence of abstract thinking
Growing ability of absorbing the perspectives or viewpoints of others
Increased ability of introspection
Development of sexual identity
Establishment of a system of values
Increasing autonomy from family and personal independence
Emergence of skills and coping strategies to overcome problems and crises

93
Q

What are Piaget’s stages?

A

Stage 1: sensorimotor period
Stage 2: preoperational period, symbolic thought
Stage 3: concrete operational period, concrete events
Stage 4: formal operation period, abstract ideas

94
Q

Where are we in Kohlberg’s stages in adolescents?

A

Adolescents are making more sophisticated moral sense

Making distinction between law and morality

95
Q

What is STEP?

A 
Simple approach to considering adolescent development in clinical 
settings 
Sexual maturation and growth 
Thinking 
Education/employment 
Peers/parents
96
Q

What are the domains of the ASQ?

A 
Communication
Gross motor
Fine motor
Problem solving
Personal social skills
97
Q

How do you measure attachment?

A

Awareness – sensitive parents alert to subtle cues from babies
Responsiveness – Empathetic awareness of baby’s experience. Gives appropriate well-timed responses
Cooperation – respect for baby’s autonomy, is non-intrusive and does not impose own wishes
Acceptance – Capacity to bear frustrations of caring for a baby. To feel love and acceptance of baby’s individuality

98
Q

What is the Strange Situation Test?

A

Measures attachment when infant is 12 months

Observe infants at play and in situations of mild distress, takes around 20 minutes

99
Q

What can be used to measure attachment before 12 months of age?

A

Parent-Infant Interaction Observation Scale (PIIOS)
Keys to Interactive Parenting (KIPS)
CARE-Index
Identify interactions, which if left unchanged, will result in insecure attachment

100
Q

What can result in children who had a disorganised attachment as an infant?

A 
Controlling behaviours toward parent
Avoidance of the parent
Dissociative symptoms
Behavioural/oppositional problems
Emotional disconnection
Aggression toward peers
Low social competence in preschool
101
Q

What are different types of stress in infancy?

A

Positive stress – brief and mild/moderate in magnitude
Tolerable stress – greater magnitude of adversity or threat
Toxic stress – strong, frequent or prolonged activation of stress response system in absence of buffering of adult support

102
Q

Toxic stress can result in high levels of cortisol which disrupts developing brain architecture. What affect can this have on the infant?

A

Physiology – hyper-responsive/chronically activated stress response
Behaviour – maladaptive responses such as behaviour problems
Learning - linguistic, cognitive and socio-emotional deficits

103
Q

How might toxic stress levels come about in a child?

A

Infant’s caregiver may be so stressed themself that they are unable to provide comfort to their baby
Signs of caregivers stress signal danger to the baby and so increasing his or her anxiety

104
Q

What effects can chronic raised cortisol levels have on the developing brain?

A

Stops development of new neural connections and pathways
Affects stress response system
Brain cells die and reduces connections in certain areas of the brain
Fewer cortisol receptors produced in hippocampus, so child’s stress thermostat permanently set on high (overactive)

105
Q

What is the dissociative continuum?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system concerned with self-maintenance is over-activated so freezing reaction with reduced HR and RR
This learned helplessness common in neglected and abused children persistently threatened and only escape is to dissociate, and freeze both physically and cognitively
Mental mechanism of defence involves disengaging from external world and only attending to stimuli from internal world so becoming disconnected

106
Q

What are public health priorities for breastfeeding? And preventing childhood obesity?

A

Increase proportion of mothers who breastfeed for six to eight weeks or longer
Focus on early identification and prevention of obesity in children through emphasis on breastfeeding, delaying weaning until babies are six months, introducing children to healthy foods, controlling portion size, limiting snacking on foods that are high in fat and sugar and encouraging an active lifestyle

107
Q

What do centiles mean?

A

Indicate child’s size compared with children of same age and maturity who have shown optimum growth
Lines show expected range of weights and heights; each describes number of children expected to be below that line (e.g. 50% below 50th, 91% below the 91st)

108
Q

What is the normal rate of weight gain and growth?

A

Babies do not grow at same rate
Most babies lose weight after birth, 80% will have regained this by 2 weeks of age
Fewer than 5% of babies lose more than 10% of their weight
1 in 50 are 10% or more lighter than birth weight at 2 weeks
Baby’s weight may not follow a centile line, most track within one centile space
Sustained drop through two or more centiles is unusual, these need assessing
Babies very small or very big can be sometimes be associated with underlying illness

109
Q

What growth monitoring is performed in school?

A

National Child Monitoring Programme in England
BMI in children
Reception (4-5 years)
Year 6 (10-11 years)

110
Q

Describe infant brain growth

A

At full-term a baby’s brain has 100 billion neurons, not fully developed
Baby’s brain has to be wired up after birth and baby’s brain will increase in weight from 400g at birth, to 1000g at 1 year of age
Increase in weight is caused by proliferation of synapses (i.e. connections between neurons)

111
Q

What is experience dependent development?

A

Optimised when it takes place during sensitive developmental periods
Can take place at any time not just during sensitive developmental periods (defining characteristic)
Brain is plastic across the lifespan, makes it possible to change our behaviours, learn new skills and recover following a stroke

112
Q

When do we start weaning foods?

A

WHO (prior to 2001) 4-6 months
2001 recommendation weaning should be commenced at 6 months
Recommendation applies to population, recognised that some mothers will be unwilling/ unable to follow this recommendation, these mothers should also be supported to optimise their infant’s nutrition. If before 6 months, no gluten

113
Q

What weaning foods are available?

A

Commercially manufactured: check no salt and sugar

Home cooked

114
Q

When might a parent notice coeliac disease in a baby?

A

When they start weaning - 6 months

115
Q

What is the nutrient approach to weaning?

A

Macronutrients: fat, proteins, carbs
Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, water (60-70%)

116
Q

What is the food group approach to weaning?

A 
Food standards agency:
Bread, rice and pasta
Fruit and vegetables
Milk and dairy
Meat, fish, beans, eggs
Foods and drinks high in fats and sugar
117
Q

What are the different approaches to weaning?

A

Nutrient approach
Food group approach
Eat well plate approach

118
Q

What is the best way to wean?

A

Baby led weaning

Don’t add salt or sugar

119
Q

What can toddlers consuming sugar based beverages result in?

A

Dental Caries

120
Q

Describe food poverty in children

A

Children in poverty eat less fruit and vegetables and have higher fats and sugars
Impoverished families are more likely to have diets lacking in nutrients required to sustain an effective immune system
Worse diet, worse access, worse health, higher percentage of income on food, less choice from a restricted range of foods. Above all food poverty is about less or almost no consumption of fruit & veg

121
Q

How long does baby’s iron store last for?

A

For 6 months

Born preemie, won’t have as much stores

122
Q

How many toddlers are anaemic?

A

One in eight toddlers are anaemic

35% among minority ethnic children and white children from impoverished inner-city areas

123
Q

Describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children

A

12%

as many as 40% of young children having levels below accepted optimal threshold

124
Q

What is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in children?

A

Rotavirus

Although levels decreasing since vaccine introduced

125
Q

What things are important for children’s meals?

A

Food safety

Sitting down to family meals - social development

126
Q

When introducing new foods what do you need to be careful of?

A

Allergies/intolerance

127
Q

How do you define childhood obesity?

A

Determined on basis of a growth chart and defined as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age

128
Q

What are the origins of adult disease?

A

Origins of much adult disease lie in developmental and biological
disruptions occurring during early years of life

129
Q

Describe social and emotional development in children

A

Babies need to learn how to regulate their emotions
Establish capacity for self-regulation via attachment relationship to primary caregiver
Parental sensitivity and parental reflective functioning are significant
predictors of attachment security

130
Q

What effect does toxic stress have on the baby?

A

Infant’s prolonged exposure to severe stress not modulated by PC
PC may be cause of the stress
Identification of a child in Need
Toxic stress has significant impact on young child’s developing nervous system, development, health and wellbeing across the lifespan

131
Q

What is parental attachment status?

A

Predicts infant’s likelihood of being securely attached
Parent’s ability to regulate their own stress, anger, anxiety and depression
Unresolved Parents - ghosts in the nursery that may affect how parents interpret their babies cues and respond to their baby

132
Q

What is the lifecourse approach?

A

What happens early in life affects health and wellbeing in later life

133
Q

What is the prevalence of childhood obesity?

A

17 per cent of boys and 16 per cent of girls up to age of 15 are obese

134
Q

What should be done with regards to exercise in children?

A

Need to encourage increased exercise, only half of children and barely a third of girls meet the recommended standard
Public Health England work with local authorities, schools and relevant agencies to build on current efforts to increase participation in physical activity and promote evidence based solutions that lead to improved access to existing sports facilities

135
Q

Describe mental health problems in children

A

Increasing numbers of children are suffering from poor mental health
75 per cent of lifetime mental health disorders start before 18 years of age
Peak onset of most conditions is 8 to 15 years

136
Q

Which infant’s are more likely to suffer mental health problems?

A

Insecurely attached infants’ are more likely to develop mental health
problems and psychopathology in the early years

137
Q

Adolescents rely on the amygdala to make decisions and solve problems more than adults do. What emotions is the amygdala associated with?

A

Impulses, aggression and instinctive behaviour

138
Q

What does adolescent brain growth support?

A

Thinking more logically
Thinking more abstractly
Picking up on others emotional cues

139
Q

What can hormonal and chemical changes during adolescence lead to?

A

Increased aggression

140
Q

Identify some specific social developmental tasks exhibited by adolescents

A 
Emotional separation from parents
Peer identity
Exploratory behaviours
Development of intimate relationships
Emergence of abstract thinking
Development of personal and sexual relationships
141
Q

Where are adolescents on Piaget’s cognitive developmental stages?

A

Formal operations

142
Q

Where are adolescents on Erickson’s psychosocial development stages?

A

Identity vs. role confusion

143
Q

Where are adolescents on Kohlberg’s moral development stages?

A

Conventional Morality

144
Q

If a baby falls through 2 centiles what is this called?

A

Failure to thrive

145
Q

What does a head circumference actually measure?

A

Occipito-frontal circumference (OFC)

146
Q

How old is a child before their height is assessed standing?

A

2 years

147
Q

How many neurons does a baby have at full term?

A

100 billion

148
Q

How much does the baby’s brain grow during 1st year of life?

A

From 400g at birth to 1000g at I year

149
Q

What is the cause of brain growth in babies?

A

Proliferation of synapses

150
Q

If active synapses are not used and stabilised what happens?

A

Pruned away

151
Q

Which area of the brain grows almost completely postnatally?

A

Orbitofrontal region

152
Q

Developing synaptic connections are as a result of what 2 types of experience?

A

Experience expectant

Experience dependent

153
Q

Brain is plastic across the lifespan but what is it considered to be for the first 1001 critical days?

A

Neuroplastic

154
Q

How much brain growth occurs by age 5?

A

80%

155
Q

Development is from head to toe and there is quite a wide variation in timing but little variation in pattern. Child developmental reviews are recorded for what universal programme in the UK?

A

Healthy child program

156
Q

When are developmental reviews carried out from birth to 2 – 2 and a half?

A

New born examination (72 hours )
6-8 week review
9-12 month review
2-2 and a half review

157
Q

Developmental review paperwork in PHCR categorises domains as: locomotion, manipulation, speech/language and behaviour. What developmental domains are presented to parents as part of the ASQ-3 questionnaire to be completed prior to 2-year check?

A 
Communication
Gross motor
Fine motor
Problem solving
Personal-social
158
Q

Identity 4 reasons for developmental delay

A

Chronic illness
Lack of stimulation
Sensory impairment
Developmental disorder

159
Q

What ratio of children in the UK have Emotional Behavioural Disorders?

A

1:5

160
Q

What is Infant Mental Health?

A

Developing capacity of child from birth to 3 to: experience, regulate and express emotions

161
Q

What is attachment?

A

Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety, primary goal to reduce stress and restore feelings of security

162
Q

When does attachment usually develop?

A

1st year of life

163
Q

Bowlby identified attachment as secure or insecure. What measure of attachment did Ainsworth develop?

A

Strange Situation Experiment

164
Q

What 2 types of insecure attachment did Ainsworth classify?

A

Ambivalent

Avoidant

165
Q

Main found that not all children fitted into Ainsworth’s insecure classification. What classification was introduced by Main to describe these children?

A

Disorganised

166
Q

What are 4 components of a healthy attachment cycle?

A

Baby has a need
Baby cries
Needs met by primary carer
Trust develops

167
Q

Optimal later functioning can be seen in children who are securely attached across a range of domains. What are they?

A

Emotional
Social and behavioural
Scholastic
Peer-rated social status

168
Q

Sensitive parenting is vital to promote secure attachment. Ainsworth identified dimensions of sensitive parenting. What are they?

A

Awareness
Responsiveness
Cooperation
Acceptance

169
Q

What is parental reflective functioning?

A

Capacity to understand the infant’s behaviour in terms of internal states/feelings

170
Q

Why do we use developmental milestones?

A

Identify developmental delay

171
Q

Piaget identified 4 stages of cognitive development. According to Piaget at what stage would a baby be?

A

Sensorimotor

172
Q

Erickson identified 8 stages of psychosocial development. At what stage would a baby be?

A

Trust vs mistrust

173
Q

Kohlberg’s moral developmental stages are divided into 3 levels and 6 stages. At what stage would a baby be?

A

Obedience vs punishment

174
Q

Who regulates labelling and composition of infant formula?

A

Department of Health

Food Standards Agency

175
Q

What public health priorities are identified in the Healthy Child Programme (HCP) to focus on early identification and prevention of obesity in children?

A 
Increase proportion mothers who breastfeed for 6 to 8 weeks or longer
Delay weaning until 6 months of age
Introduce children to healthy foods
Control portion size
Limit foods high in fat and sugar
Encourage an active lifestyle
176
Q

What do centiles mean?

A

Indicate a child’s size compared with children of same age and maturity who have shown optimum growth

177
Q

What percentage of weight loss is normal after birth?

A

Usually less than 10% of baby’s birth weight

178
Q

When is this weight lost after birth usually regained by?

A

80% of babies will have regained this by 2 weeks of age

179
Q

What should babies not be introduced to prior to 6 months?

A

Gluten

180
Q

What type of weaning is being encouraged in the UK?

A

Baby led weaning

181
Q

How long does a baby’s iron store last for?

A

Usually 6 months

Less in babies born prematurely because they missed out on last month in utero when babies grow and put down stores

182
Q

How many toddlers in the UK are anaemic?

A

1 in 8

183
Q

What should not be added to baby’s food?

A

Salt and sugar

184
Q

According to the CMO Report (2012) what per cent of toddlers consume sugar-sweetened beverages?

A

70%

185
Q

What vitamin deficiency in children have we seen a resurgence of in the UK? What can this cause?

A

Vit D

Rickets

186
Q

What do children in poverty eat more and less of?

A

Higher quantities of fats and sugars are consumed

Less fruit and vegetables are consumed

187
Q

What should food safety involve when preparing foods for children?

A

clean, separate, cook and chill

188
Q

At what age should we see Rolling over from prone to supine?

A

5-6 months

189
Q

At what age should we see Rolling over from supine to prone?

A

6-7 months

190
Q

At what age should baby sit with support?

A

6 months

191
Q

At what age should baby attempt to crawl?

A

9 months

192
Q

At what age should baby begin to walk?

A

12 months

193
Q

At what age should baby pass objects from hand to hand?

A

6 months

194
Q

At what age should baby poke at a small sweet?

A

9 months

195
Q

What is an inferior pincer grip and when would we expect it to develop by?

A

Picks up small sweet between finger and thumb – 9 months

196
Q

At what age should baby babble loud and tunefully?

A

9 months

197
Q

At what age should baby understand no and bye bye?

A

9 months

198
Q

At what age should baby speak 2-6 words?

A

15 months

199
Q

At what age should baby speak 50 recognisable words?

A

2 years

200
Q

At what age should baby combine 2 words?

A

1-2 years

201
Q

At what age should baby refer to self by name?

A

2 years

202
Q

At what age should baby distinguish strangers from familiars?

A

9 months

203
Q

At what age should baby recognise themselves in a mirror?

A

18 months

204
Q

At what age should baby recognise that others have different experiences to themselves?

A

2 years

Block 5 (7 decks)

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