Child Development

Question 1

Central tasks: 0-18 mo

Answer 1

Trust vs mistrust (separation, sleep)

Question 2

Central tasks: 18 mo- 3 yrs

Answer 2

Autonomy vs shame (toileting, dressing)

Question 3

Central tasks: 6-11 yrs

Answer 3

Industry vs inferiority (academics, sports))

Question 4

Central tasks: adolescence

Answer 4

Identity vs confusion (social relationships)

Question 5

Central tasks: young adulthood

Answer 5

Intimacy vs isolation (partnerships)

Question 6

Central tasks: adulthood

Answer 6

Generativity vs stagnation (work, parenthood)

Question 7

Central tasks: old age

Answer 7

Integrity vs despair (self reflection)

Question 8

Central tasks: 3-6 yrs

Answer 8

Initiative vs guilt (exploration, art, testing limits)

Question 9

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 9

0-2 yrs
Direct sensation, motor action
-object permanence- recognizing the world contains objects/people that exist even when you don’t see them (12 mo)
-causality

Question 10

Preoperational stage

Answer 10

2-7 yrs
Magical thinking. Child’s own perception and linkage of events
-animism
-transductive reasoning

Question 11

Concrete operational

Answer 11

7-11 yrs
Rule and logic based
-can see another’s perspective
-mass, number, volume, time

Question 12

Formal operation

Answer 12

> 12 yrs
Abstract thought
-abstract ideas
-inductive reasoning

Question 13

Securely attached infants

Answer 13

Use mother as base. Normal

Question 14

Insecure avoidant

Answer 14

Independent, don’t use mother as base

Question 15

Insecure ambivalent

Answer 15

Clingy, don’t explore much at all

Question 16

Separation anxiety

Answer 16

8-24 months

Question 17

Raprochement

Answer 17

Secure toddler intermittently checks in with parent (security)

Question 18

Signs of neglect

Answer 18

• emotional distress
• disturbed sleep
• problems paying attention and concentrating
• anger/irritability/withdrawal
• repeated and intrusive thoughts

Question 19

Gesell’s Maturational Theory of Development

Answer 19

Development: similar and predictable pattern driven by age

• developmental milestones
• cephalo —> caudal and proximal —> distal (truncal stability occurs first)

Question 20

Cognitive development theory

Answer 20

• children learn from interacting with environment

- children different from adults

Question 21

Milestones: 2 months

Answer 21

• smiles at people
• coos/gurgles
• follows things/faces with eyes
• can hold head up
• starts to push up when lying on stomach

Question 22

Milestones: 4 months

Answer 22

• copies facial expressions and sounds
• babbles with expression
• reaches for toys
• can roll over onto back
• when lying on stomach can push up to elbows
• responds to affection

Question 23

Anatomical findings in autism

Answer 23

-large head size in toddlerhood
-increased gray: white matter ratio
-cerebellar abnormalities
-micro abnormalities w/in cortex
—> abnormal circuitry —> poor global connectivity

Question 24

Why do people with autism have a larger head size in toddlerhood but not adulthood?

Answer 24

Normally undergo pruning before age 3 and again at puberty

-autistic kids don’t —> increased brain size (gray matter specifically —> abnormal EEG and seizures

Question 25

Head size of newborns with autism?

Answer 25

Normal! Becomes larger later bc pruning doesn’t occur

Question 26

Milestones: 6 months

Answer 26

- plays with others - looks at self in mirror - responds to own name - says consonant sounds - strings vowels together when babbling - shows curiosity (tries to get things out of reach) - sits without support - stands

Question 27

Milestones: 9 months

Answer 27

- fear of strangers - points at things - understands "no" - plays peek-a-boo - picks up things between thumb and index finger - pulls to stand - crawls

Question 28

Milestones: 12 months

Answer 28

- shy/nervous with strangers - helps with getting dressed - has favorite things/people - responds to simple requests - uses simple gestures - makes sounds with changes in tone (speech) - tries to say words you say - explores - can point to the right thing when named - bangs two things together - first few steps alone, can walk holding on

Question 29

Milestones: 18 months

Answer 29

- temper tantrums - shows affection - plays pretend - says several single words - knows basic objects - scribbles - eats with a spoon, drinks from a cup - walks, may run or walk up steps

Question 30

Milestones: 24 months

Answer 30

- shows more independence and defiant behavior - plays mostly on their own but likes being around other children and engages in some games with them - sorts shapes and colors - builds towers of blocks - plays make believe games - follows 2-step instructions - names items in a picture book - runs, kicks a ball, stands on tiptoe, walks up/down stairs, climbs onto furniture

Question 31

Milestones: 3 years

Answer 31

- takes turns in games - shows concern for crying friend - dresses/undresses - conversational - can copy a circle, do small puzzles - climbs, runs, rides a tricycle

Question 32

Milestones: 4 years

Answer 32

- more creative - can't tell what's real and what's make-believe - talks about interests - tells stories, sings songs - draws people, uses scissors - hops and stands on one foot, catches ball, pours and cuts own food

Question 33

Treatments for autism

Answer 33

- treat symptoms: atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole), stimulants, SSRIs, anticonvulsants - applied behavioral analysis - floortime - supplements (little evidence) - therapy (speech, occupational, social, physical)