Child Development Theory

Question 1

Emphasizes overt behavior; what people do

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

Impact of historical, social, and cultural context

Answer 2

Contextual(ism)

Question 3

Focuses on the thought processes; what people think

Answer 3

Cognitive/Interactionism

Question 4

Focsues on emotions, unconscious determinants

Answer 4

Psychodynamic/Analytic

Question 5

Known as the inherent behavior

Answer 5

Evolutionary Theory

Question 6

These two gentleman were involved with classical conditioning expermients

Answer 6

Watson & Pavlov

Question 7

He found a method to decondition fears by using systematic desensitization

Answer 7

Watson

Question 8

The type of learning through repeated pairing of stimulus and response (focus on the stimulus)

Answer 8

classical conditioning

Question 9

Focuses on how the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Answer 9

Operant Conditioning

Question 10

Behavior is more likely to occur after the presentation

Answer 10

positive reinforcement

Question 11

Removing of a negative, or aversive, condition

Answer 11

negative reinforcement

Question 12

The application of unpleasant consequences to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Answer 12

punishment

Question 13

He was concerned with how the environment shapes people’s behaviors

Answer 13

Skinner

Question 14

Individuals are greatly influenced by other people

Answer 14

Social Learning Theory

Question 15

He believes that children and adults imitate, or model, the behavior of other people through modeling, which allows individuals to learn new behaviors

Answer 15

Bandura

Question 16

There are 4 steps to modeling:

HINT: A.R.M.R.M

Answer 16

• Attention*
• Retention*
• Motor Reproduction*
• Reinforcement and Motivation*

Question 17

He believed that children use different thought processes

Answer 17

Jean Piaget

Question 18

These are cognitive guides, blueprints for processing information

Answer 18

schemes

Question 19

Piaget stated that there are 4 stages of cognitive development in children:

Answer 19

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational Stage

Question 20

This is the stage where the child interacts with the environment by manipulating objects

Answer 20

Sensori-motor

Question 21

The stage where a child’s manner of thinking is dominated by perception, is capable of symbolic functioning; language dvelopment occurs; and influenced by own perception of environment

(Preconceptual: 2-4 yrs / Intuitive 4-7 yrs)

Answer 21

Preoperational

Question 22

At this stage the child uses logic in problem solving; logical reasoning can only be applied to objects that are real or can be seen

(7-11 1/2 years)

Answer 22

Concrete Operations

Question 23

The child can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas

(11/12+)

Answer 23

Formal Operations

Question 24

Based on the idea that people have limited capacities for learning but can flexily apply strategies to find ways around those limitations

Answer 24

Information Processing

Question 25

There are **three stages** in the *Information Processing Theory:*

Answer 25

* Environmental Stimuli (Input)* * Sensory Register (SR)* * Short-Term (working) Memory* * Long-Term Memory*

Question 26

Part of the *Information Processing Theory* where it allows people to briefly retain visual, auditory, and other information through the senses

Answer 26

*sensory register*

Question 27

This is what allows for the information to be held long enough for the person to evaluate and selectively act on inputs

Answer 27

*short-term memory*

Question 28

Storing of information for a *long* period of time

Answer 28

*Long-term memory*

Question 29

This man believed that "sexual energy" is innately driven to specific errogenous zones

Answer 29

*Freud*

Question 30

The five stages that Freud proposed in the *Psychosexual Theory*

Answer 30

*Oral, Anal, Phallic*, *Latency, Genital*

Question 31

A person who did not achieve full satisfaction of errogenous zones is said to develop this \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

*fixation*

Question 32

He proposed that individuals go through a series of stages representing *psychosocial* crises (represent critical periods in personality development)

Answer 32

*Erikson*

Question 33

In this stage the child develops a sense of *trust* when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection

Answer 33

*Trust vs Mistrust*

Question 34

Ability to do things for oneself

Answer 34

*Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt*

Question 35

High and realistic sense of ambition and independence

Answer 35

*Initiative vs Guilt*

Question 36

Active and satisfying involvment in activities

Answer 36

*Industry vs Inferiority*

Question 37

Determination of one's identity

Answer 37

*Identity vs Identity Diffusion*

Question 38

Ability to commit to another and establish a close, loving relationship

Answer 38

*Intimacy vs Isolation*

Question 39

Incorporation of the needs of others into one's personal life

Answer 39

*Generativity vs Stagnation*

Question 40

Health adjustment to aging and mortality

Answer 40

*Integrity vs Despair*

Question 41

The distance between what a child can do unaided and what a child can do through interaction with skilled helpers is called \_\_\_\_\_ HINT: Vygotsky

Answer 41

*zone of proximal development*

Question 42

This occurs with support of the MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)

Answer 42

*scaffolding*

Question 43

Theory based on interplay between child and environments; multiple interacting systems influence development

Answer 43

*Ecological Model* \*Bronfenbrenner

Question 44

Inner sphere of ecological model, represents the immediate environment and includes influences such as physical objects, structure of the environment, and roles of relationships among family members

Answer 44

*microsystem*

Question 45

Middle sphere of ecological model, connections among settings including child (school, extended family)

Answer 45

*Mesosystem*

Question 46

Part of the model that represents linkages among settings in which do not include the child (work, church, friends, etc.)

Answer 46

*exosystem*

Question 47

Outermost sphere of the ecological model, represents societal values

Answer 47

*Macrosystem*

Question 48

Theory based on the idea that complex systems form from basic and simple conditions without adhering to a master plan for development

Answer 48

*Dynamic Systems Theory*

Question 49

Survival of the fittest

Answer 49

*Charles Darwin*

Question 50

Imprinting

Answer 50

*Lorenz*

Question 51

Attachment

Answer 51

*Bowlby*

Question 52

*Maturation*

Answer 52

*Gesell*

Question 53

There are **3 components** to the *Psychoanalytic Theory*

Answer 53

* Id, Ego,* and *Superego* * \*Freud*

Question 54

The *Id,* the most primal of the three is run by this principle

Answer 54

*pleasure*

Question 55

This is part of your personality that helps *ground* you and doesn't let your instinctive emotion take over

Answer 55

*Ego*

Question 56

The *Ego,* operates with this principle of helping you get your desires in a socially acceptable manner

Answer 56

*reality principle*

Question 57

The *Ego* will use another principle by finding a replacement in which matches your original desire

Answer 57

*secondary principle*

Question 58

The big brother of the personalities, it is comprised of morals and standards

Answer 58

*Superego*