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RDA - reproduction, development and aging > child developmenty > Flashcards

child developmenty Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe

A

concentrating

executive function

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2
Q

what is the role of the temporal lobe

A

speech and language development

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3
Q

what is mediated through the reticulospinal tract

A

coordination - the cerebellum

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4
Q

importance of the vestibulospinal tract *

A

balance

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5
Q

importance of educational needs *

A

20% children have special educational needs

2% have severe disability

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6
Q

what are the developmental domains *

A

speech and language skills - vocalisation, words, understanding, imaginitive play

gross motor skills - position, head lag, sitting, walking, running

fine motor skills - use of hands, grasp and fine pincer, bricks, crayon, puzzles

social skills - social interaction, eating, stranger reaction, dressing

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7
Q

developmental domains at 2 and a half months *

A

uncoordinated and crude movements - gross motor only

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8
Q

developmental domains at 8 months *

A

gross motor - Hold self up – sitting and in prone position, Limbs more coordinated

fine motor - hold bricks, fine motor grasp

social - check for affirmation from mum, awareness of strangers

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9
Q

developmental domains at 2yrs *

A

gross - can stand

fine - do puzzles

language - 50words, pointing to things, wanting to show what is happening in their life, listen carefully and respond

social - follow instructions, eating skills

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10
Q

developmental domain at 4.5 yrs *

A

gross - catch and through

fine - hold pen, copy shapes

social - know colours

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11
Q

describe the mororeflex *

A

when you extend babies head quickly they extend their arms and then grasp

this is primitive and a protectve reflex

should disappear at 3-4months

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12
Q

what are the patterns of abnormal development *

A

there is a large normal range

abnormal if

  • slow but steady
  • plateu
  • regression (lose skills)
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13
Q

what are common developmental problems *

A

delayed walking

clumsy

delayed speech and language

odd social interaction - ASD/Aspergers

hyperactivity

problems with sleep onset/frequent night waking

problems eating

problems toilet training

specific learning difficulties eg dyscalculia (cant use numbers well), dyslexia

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14
Q

area of the brain involved in speech and language *

A

wernick’s - collect information

broca’s - language

motor componenets

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15
Q

area of the brain involved in hyperactivity *

A

frontal lobe ie the prefrontal cortex

dopamine is low = ill attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

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16
Q

describe autism *

A

distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single problem

effect boys more than girls

impairments in social interaction, communication, restricted interests and repetitive behaviour

solitary play - impaired social interaction

avoid gaze

preoccupation

self stimulating

line toys up in unusual way

speech and language disorder

routines and repetitive behaviour

learning and attention difficulties

epilepsy

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17
Q

describe cerebral palsy *

A

damage to the corticospinal pathway

have motor deficit/posture problem

it is a persistant disorder

from non-progressive lesion acquired before 2yrs, most acses antenatal

range in severity

brain abnormal development because of genetics, or an effect of infection/trauma

people walk on tip toes because of increased flexor contraction relative to extensor contraction - there is increased tone - the inhibitory pathways are effected

presentation may evolve and vary with age

epilepsy

hearing loss

feeding difficulties

poor growth

resp problems

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18
Q

what are the causes opf developmental impairments *

A

prenatal

perinatal

postnatal

eg folic acid deficiency, teratogens (eg alcohol)

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19
Q

what are the factors that influence developmental delay *

A

laco of physical/psychological stimuli

sensory/motor impairment

reduced inherent potential

ill health

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20
Q

what are the types of developmental delay *

A

global - ie in all domains

specific - language/motor/sensory/cognitive

21
Q

what are the causes of global delay *

A

chromosomal abnormalities - Down’s/fragile X

metabolic - hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism

antenatal and perinatal factors - Infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate def

environmental/social issues

chronic illness

22
Q

causes of motor delay *

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Global delay eg Down’s syndrome
  • Congenital dislocation hip
  • Social deprivation
  • Muscular dystrophy-Duchenne’s
  • Neural tube defects: spina bifida
  • Hydrocephalus
23
Q

causes of language delay *

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Learning disability
  • Autistic spectrum disorder
  • Lack of stimulation
  • Impaired comprehension of language -Developmental dysphasia
  • Impaired speech production -stammer, dysarthria
24
Q

how do you assess child development *

A

parents know something is wrong before professionals do

therefore ask first, then observe and set tasks

need to assess the milestones preceding their age adn the expected milestones for age

take history - prenatal, birth and FH

PMH - developmental history and current skills

examination - developmental assessment and general and neuro examination

investigations as appropriate

25
what are the tools that can be used to assess developpment I
standardised tests schedule of growing skills griffiths developmental scale bailey developmental scale denver developmental screening tests
26
things involved in the physical examination of development \*
look of child - can pick up syndromes growth OFC - occipitofrontal circumference - give idea of brain development skin genitalia neurological examination systems examination to identify associations or syndromes growth parameters dysmorphic features
27
blood and imaging used to assess development \*
FBC and ferritin TSH Chromosomes, cytogenic studies Lead US CT/MRI, EEG blood ammonia/lactate nerve/muscle biopsy bone profile urine and blood organic or amino acid
28
what are the objectives of managing development \*
maximise mobility minimise discomfort promote speech and language promote social and emotional health
29
who is involved in MDTs for development \*
specialist health visitor paediatrician OT psychologist physio social worder and social services dietician speech and language therapist
30
role of MDT \*
assessment diagnosis and disclosure management program social support
31
role of specialist health visitor \*
helps coordinate multidisiplinary and multiagency care advice on development of play or local authority schemes
32
role of psychologist \*
cognitive testing behavioural management educational advice
33
role of social worker/services \*
* Advice on benefits: disability, mobility, housing, respite care, voluntary support agencies * Day nursery placements * Advocate for child and family * Register of children with special needs
34
role of dietician \*
advice on feeding and nutrition
35
role of SALT \*
* Feeding * Language development * Speech development * AAC (augmentative and alternative communication aids) e.g. Makaton sign language, Bliss symbol boards, voice synthesisers
36
role of physio \*
* Balance and mobility * Postural maintenance * Prevention of joint contractures, spinal deformity Mobility aids, orthoses
37
role of OT \*
* Eye-hand coordination * ADL (activities of daily living) – feeding, washing, toileting, dressing, writing * Seating House adaptations
38
role of paediatrician \*
* Assessment, investigation and diagnosis * Continuing medical management * Coordination of input from therapists and other agencies – health, social services, education
39
things included in a history \*
Antenatal – illnesses/infections; medications; drugs; environmental exposures Birth –Prematurity, Prolonged/complicated labour Postnatal – illnesses/infections; Trauma Consanguinity – increases chances of chromosomal or autosomal recessive conditions Developmental milestones from parent
40
management of cerebral palsy
minimise spasticity and associated problems
41
management for autism \*
intensive support for child and family
42
describe attention defiit hyperactivity disorder \*
diagnostic criteria - inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, lasting \>6months, commencing \<7yrs and inconsistent with the child's developmental level features should present in \>1 setting and cause significant school/social impairment increased risk of CD, anxiety disorder, ad aggression risk factors: boys, learning difficulties, developmental delay Neurological disorder, e.g. epilepsy, cerebral palsy; first-degree relative with ADHD; family member with depression, learning disability, antisocial personality or substance abuse large proportion become adults with antisocial personality, increased incidence of criminal behaviour and substance misuse
43
management of ADHD \*
psychotherapy - behavioural therapies family therapy drugs - if behavioural therapy alone is insufficient give stimulants - methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamines (dexamphetamine) diet - some benefit from exclusion of certain foods eg red food colouring
44
describe learning disability
1/4 people with severe learning disability have no identifyable cause causes can be - chromosome disorders, syndromes, post-natal cerebral insults, metabolic or degenerative disease lassified as mild, moderate, severe, profound may present with reduced interlectual functioning, delay in early milestones, dysmorphic features and associated problmes (epilepsy, sensory impairment, ADHD)
45
management of learning difficulties
establishing a diagnosis and input from the multidisciplinary team with long term follow up.
46
define child development \*
the global impression of a child which encompasses growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour. It serves to endow the child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society.
47
what are limit ages \*
the ages by which things should be achieved if more than 2 SD from mean - could be major concern
48
effect of folate deficiency \*
neural tube defects limb paralysis neurogenic bladder and bowel intellectual impairment
49
identify child milestones \*

RDA - reproduction, development and aging (10 decks)

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