Child Language Development (Speech) Flashcards
What are the stages in the process of spoken language acquisition?
Pre-birth
Pre-verbal
Holophrastic
Two word
Telegraphic
Post telegraphic
What is the pre-brith stage?
Even before baby is born it will recognise it’s mother’s voice, six months before baby is born ear bones have formed and they can hear, differentiate between native language and other languages, this is because of th difference in rhythms and intontions of every language baby is atuned to.
What are the substages in the pre-verbal stage?
Crying (from birth)
Cooing and laughing (from 2 months)
Babbling (from 6 months)
What are the features of crying in the pre-verbal stage?
First noise a bay will make is crying, usually for phsyical reasons such as: hunger, wind or tiredness. Baby beginning to exercise vocal cords and understand making a noise will gain attention, first stage in understanding nature of discourse and interction with others.
What are the features of cooing and laughing in the pre-verbal stage?
Baby experiments with noises that can be made when the tongue and the back of the mouth come into contact, resembles vowel and consonant sounds.
What is the features of babbling in the pre-verbal stage?
Reduplicated babbling: simpler, appears first, invlovs child repeatedly making same sounds
Variegated babbling: emerges slightly later, ivolves variation in consonant and vowel sounds being produced, doesn’t resemble recognisable words
What is the holophrastic stage?
Happens at around 12 to 18 months, single words, usually nouns, can have many different meanings and moods eg. dog could mean “Where is the dog?” or “There is the dog.”
What is the two word stage?
Happens at around 18 to 24 months, child is now using two words, verbs start to emerge more and more nouns, child starts to use syntax correctly eg.
Subject verb: Milo woof
Verb object: bark dog
What is the telegraphic stage?
Happens around 24 months until 5 years, just enough words to communicate successfully, massiv increase in vocabulary, more word classes acquird such as pronouns, prepositions and various determiners
When a child comes to the end of this stage start to become more complex with their language, adding negatives, inflections and coordinating conjunctions
What is the post telegraphic stage?
Around the age of 3, child’s speech becomes increasingly like adult speech, grammatical words which were omitted will start to appear, contracted forms, verb inflections and formation of pronouns will be more accruate
What is a proto word?
“Made up words” that a child will use to represent a word they might not be able to pronounce eg. ray ray for raisins
What is non-verbal communication?
All ways in which communication occurs that does not involve words
What is reduplication?
Repeated syllables within a word eg. baa baa for blanket
What is diminuitive?
Reduction in scale of an item through the way the word is created
What is addition?
Adding an additional suffix to the end of a word in order to change the way in which the word is pronounced and interpreted
What are content words?
Words in a sentence that are vital to convey meaning
What are grammatical words?
Words in a sentence that are used to demonstrate structural accuracy
Skinner’s behaviourism theory on child language
Children learn language from imitation, operant conditioning and positive and negative reinforcement
Arguments in favour of Skinner’s theory
Recognises the importance of input from speakers around the child, explains features such as accent and dialect
Arguments against Skinner’s theory
Children do not simpy imitate language or construct gramatically complete sentences as soon as they begin to talk. There needs to be pragmatic awareness of social conventions and these can just be imitated
What is Chomsky’s nativism theory?
Born with Language Acquisition Device: human brain has programmed ability to learn language
Universal grammar: all human language posseses similar grammaticl propeties which the brain is hardwired to deocde and use
Virtuous errors: child makes errors is grammar which they recognise from around thm
Arguments in favour of Chomsky’s theory
Born with abaility to develop langauge supported by the developmetn of language occuring at about the same age in every child throughout the world and all children move through the same phases suggesting there is an ainnate ability that all children possess
Arguments against Chomsky’s theory
Doesn’t place sufficent role on caregiver to influence language acquisition, children who lack sufficient exposure to language and interaction will never really catch up with language acquisition eg. Genie who was isolated in a room until she was 13 was not exposed to any language, found she was non verbally very expressive and was able to learn some lexical items but was unable to develop grammar and syntax
What is Piaget’s stages of development?
Cognitive development: core of child’s development of understanding is the learning the child undertakes
4 stages:
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Pre-operational stage (2-6/7 yrs)
Concrete operational stage (6/7-11/12 yrs)
Formal operatonal stage (11-16+ yrs)
