Child Psych - Test #2 Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Features of Human Growth
A
Cephalocaudal Principle:
- Physical + motor development progresses from head-to-toe.
- Muscles grow
- Layer of fat added
- Bone replaces cartilage
2
Q
Variation on the Average Profile
A
- Secular growth trend (i.e. medieval knight = 10 yr old today)
- Average and normal are NOT the same
3
Q
Mechanisms of Physical Growth
A
- Heredity (influences adult height)
- Pituitary Gland (releases growth hormone)
- Nutrition (important during infancy)
- Picky Eaters (2 yrs old = growth slows)
4
Q
Breastfeeding = Good for Baby
A
- Sterile
- Right temperature
- Vitamins
- Digestion
- Immunity
- Bond w/ mom
- Less taste pickiness
- Weight management
5
Q
Breastfeeding = Good for Mom
A
- Free
- Quick (no preparing bottle)
- Easy
- Decrease cancer risk
- Return to pre-pregnancy weight faster
6
Q
Baby Food (ages)
A
6-9 months: - Cereals, strained veggies, strained fruits 7-9 months: - Protein foods 9-10 months: - Finely chops meat, toast, crackers 10-12 months: - Egg yolks
7
Q
Challenges to Healthy Growth + Great Risks
A
- Malnutrition
- Diseases
- SIDS
+ - Teen pregnancy
- Low birth weight
- Premature
- Poor prenatal care
- Males 2-4 months old
- Accidents = #1 cause of death after 1 yrs old
8
Q
Organization of Mature Brain
A
Frontal: Personality, emotions, motor Parietal: Somatosensory Temporal: Hearing Occipital: Vision Left Hemi: Language Right Hemi: Spatial
9
Q
Developing Brain
A
10 weeks: Neuron production
28 weeks: Fetus has all neurons
- Brain regions specialize early but continue through childhood.
- Flexible/neuroplastic brain organization
10
Q
Infant Reflexes
A
- Babinski: Toes fan out - sole is stroked
- Blink: Eyes close - bright light or loud noise
- Moro: Throws arms out/in - loud noise or head falls
- Palmar: Grasps object in palm
- Rooting: Turns head toward person + opens mouth - cheek is stroked
- Stepping: Step rhythmically - held upright then moved forward
- Sucking: Sucks - object is placed in its mouth
- Withdrawal: Withdraws its foot - sole pricked w/ pin
11
Q
Motor Skills: Reflexes
A
Survival - rooting/sucking
Protect - blink/withdrawal
Later behaviour - stepping/palmar
12
Q
Gross Motor Skills
Large body movements
A
- Roll (2m)
- Sit (7m)
- Crawl (7m)
- Stand (12-14m)
- Walk (12-15m)
- Kick (15m+)
13
Q
Fine Motor Skills
Small movements of hands
A
Skills: - Hold + grasp (4m) - Reach + manipulate (6m) - Fist to fingers Behaviours: - Toys - Eating - Colouring - Dressing Tools: - Eating - Writing - Clothing
14
Q
Maturation vs Experience (Motor Skills)
A
Maturation = genes Experience = motivation, opportunities, culture, surroundings
15
Q
Smell, Taste, Touch, Move
A
- React positively or negatively to smells (recognizes mom’s milk)
- Differentiate salty, sweet, sour… (prefer sweet - mom’s milk)
- Respond to pleasure or pain from touch
- Always in motion in uterus - soothes baby
16
Q
Hearing
A
- Fetus can hear at 7-8m
- Inferior to adults = need louder sounds
- Superior to adults = distinguish sounds in any language
17
Q
Seeing
A
- Newborns see at 6 meters what adults see at 60-120 meters
- 3-4m = see colour
- 8m = see depth
- 1 year = see like an adult
- Experience is necessary!
18
Q
Integrating Sensory Information
A
1m = integrate sight + touch 4m = integrate sight + sound 4-7m = can match facial appearance w/ voice
19
Q
Dynamic Perception
A
- Focus on movement and change
- Attention period is not long
20
Q
Principles of Piaget’s Theory
A
- Schemas: Categories of experience (i.e. Boy has learned schema of cat)
- Assimilation: Incorporate new experiences into existing schemas (i.e. Boy sees cub and calls it cat; sister corrects him)
- Accommodation: Change schemas based on experience (i.e. Boy accommodates new schema of cub)
- Object Permanence: Object is still there if not seen or heard (i.e. Baby understands mom does not disappear when playing peek-a-boo)
21
Q
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 yrs)
A
- Reflexes (0-1m)
- Learn to adapt (1-4m): Coordinate 2 actions
- Make interesting events (4-8m): Repeat pleasing actions
- Use means to achieve ends (8-12m): More purposeful actions
- Experimenting (12-18m): Old actions on other objects
- Mental representation: Think before/without action (make-believe, play jokes, known consequences)
22
Q
Memory
A
- Babies remember, forget, can be prompted to recall forgotten material
- Infantile amnesia: Inability to remember events from early life (i.e. immature brain development, language, sense of self)
23
Q
First Steps to Speaking
A
- Cry = newborns
- Cooing, gurgling = 2m
- Babbling = 6m
- Words = 1yr
- 2 word sentences = 18m
- Multi-word sentences = 2yr
24
Q
Meaning to Words
A
- Name explosion (18m)
- Underextensions = apply word too narrowly
- Overextension = overgeneralize words
25
Basic Emotions + Complex Emotions
- Happy, sad, angry, scared (0-6m)
- Social smiles (2m)
- Stranger wariness (6m)
- Separation anxiety (8m)
+
- Guilt, embarrassment, pride, shame (18-24m)
- Cognitive development + understanding self
26
Recognizing Others' Emotions
- Match their emotions to others'
| - Social referencing in unfamiliar environments
27
Regulating Emotions
- Begins in infancy
- Look away
- Move close to parent
- Self-talk
- Genetics/parenting
28
Attachment
- Have single attachment figure by 6-7m
- Know mom-dad roles
- Erikson's trust vs mistrust stages
29
Attachment Study
1. Observer shows room to mom and infant, then leaves.
2. Infant explores for 3 mins; mother does not participate.
3. Stranger enters room + remains silent for 1 min, then talks to baby for 1 min. Mom leaves.
4. Stranger does not play w/ baby but attempts to comfort.
5. After 3 mins, mom returns + consoles baby.
6. When baby returns to playing, mom leaves again but now says "bye".
7. Stranger tries to calm and play w/ baby.
8. After 3 mins, mom returns + stranger leaves.
30
Types of Attachment
```
1. Secure:
Leaves = cry or not
Returns= goes to mom, happy, missed her
2. Avoidant:
Leaves = not upset
Returns = independent
3. Resistant:
Leaves = upset
Return = upset/inconsolable
4. Disorganized:
Leaves = confused
Returns = dazed/doesn't know to laugh or cry
```
31
Quality of Attachment
- Secure attachment in infancy = secure in later relationships
- Predictable, appropriate, responsive parenting = secure
- Reactive attachment disorder = lack of attachment in infancy (privation)
32
High Quality Daycare
- Qualified educators
- Low child-educator rations
- Stimulates all 3 domains: physical, cognitive, social/personality
33
Playing with Peers
- Nonsocial play: Plays alone or watches others (6m)
- Parallel play: Plays alone but near + interested in others (12m)
- Simple social play: Similar activities, talk/smile, exchange toys (15-18m)
- Cooperative play: Themes, roles, alternate roles (24m)
34
Self
Baby knows they exist by 2 yrs old;
- Mirror-task (twins)
- Photos of self
- "I" or "me" or "mine"
- Know their age and gender
35
Temperament
- Consistent mood/behaviour
- 3 dimensions = emotionality, activity, sociability
- "Personality"
36
Causes of Temperament
- Genetics = Biological theory
- Parent's Temperament = Learning theory - Modelling
- Reward/Punishment = Learning theory - Operant
- Experiences = Contextual theory
- Ego = Personality theory
37
Stability of Temperament
- Active fetus is more likely to be difficult child
- Newborns who cry under moderate stress react same in later on months
- Quite stable throughout infancy
38
Temperament Influences
- School success
- Peer interactions
- Compliance w/ parents
39
Movie Questions
```
Fine Motor:
Ponijao: Hitting rocks on ground
Mari: Placing small stickers
Bayar: Playing with/ripping toilet paper
Hattie: Peeling/eating banana
```
```
Gross Motor:
Ponijao: Bend over to begin standing
Mari: Crawl mainly on arms/legs
Bayar: Climb barrel
Hattie: Using doorway jumper
```
Reflexes:
Ponijoa: Falling asleep, he catches himself falling
Bayar: Blinks when brother hits his face with objects
Hattie: Puts adult's finger in his mouth (sucking)
Social Referencing:
Mari: Copies other toddlers emotions at daycare
Bayar: Copies brother's laughter
Emotional Regulation:
Mari: Afraid of animals at zoo - turns to mother
