Child Psychology- Biological Flashcards by Rebecca Markham

Topic 1- Intelligence

What is meant by crystallised intelligence and fluid intelligence? (Cattell 1942)

Crystallised- what we learn or develop (knowledge that we’ve taken in and used)- usually stronger in elderly people than teenagers
Fluid- innate ability which is static, born with intelligence we have

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence

What findings did Horn (1967) find in an assessment of IQ regarding fluid and crystallised intelligence?

Increases, decreases etc

Fluid tended to be higher for younger adults, but crystallised higher for older adults
Fluid lost as we age, crystallised grows and improves as we age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence

How much DNA do monozygotic twins (identical) share compared to dizygotic twins (non-identical)? How does this affect intelligence?

Mono- 100%
Di- 50%
* If identical twins have the same level of intelligence, this can be explained due to genes- if not it may be the environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence

Why would biological factors be argued to be more impactful on intelligence than environmental? (Plomin and Defries)

Identical twins who share genetics had greater similarities in their IQ than non-identical twins, emphasising the importance of genetics as an explanation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What was the aim of the research into “A twin family study of general IQ”?

To investigate intelligence using a study with twins, siblings and their parents to assess the relationship between family and IQ

Indivdual differences are a result of genetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What sample was used for the research?

112 families from the Netherlands
Contained a set of MZ/DZ twins, siblings and 2 parents
Only included those without mental health issues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What did the participants do that would make the research ethical?

Gave informed consent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What design was used?

Extended twin design

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

How was DNA evidence given from the twins?

Using a cheek swab providing biological evidence to check whether twins were identical or not

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What IQ test did all children individually complete and how was this completed?

Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM)- completed at own pace through verbal instruction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What IQ test did did the parents take and how was this completed?

Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)- written instructions as this is more advanced

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What was found in regards to correlations on scores of IQ?

They were higher for MZ twins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What was found about correlations of IQ in couples (parents)?

They were significant- people are more likely to mate with people with a similar intellectual ability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Van Leeuwen

What was concluded about genes influencing intelligence levels through both the environment and genetics?

Genes do interact with environmental factors to influence intelligence, despite main influence being genetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Applications

What are the Ravens’ Progressive Matrices IQ tests and how can the strategy be implemented?

Nonverbal test of fluid intelligence- number of incomplete, novel, pictorial patterns
Three versions that meet the needs of age group- items on test become more difficult throughout
(IN AGE ORDER)- Colour, standard and advanced progressive matrices- scores can be compared to an average of age group to determine whether extra support in learning is needed or not

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 1- Intelligence- Applications

What is the Goodenough- Harris Drawing test and how can it be implemented?

Asseses intelligence through drawings instead of logic- focuses on understanding visual spatial skills
Draw a man, a woman and themself- analyses 14 aspects of drawing including presence, absense, detail and proportion

Could be used alongside other measures to strengthen concurrent validity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

Which way does the brain develop and which parts develop first and last?

Study These Flashcards

Back to front- cerebellum/ occipital lobe first, frontal lobe last

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

How do synapses (gaps between neurons) adjust and change when developing when a child ages?

Study These Flashcards

Synaptic pruning occurs- the connections that aren’t being used die off and prune up, allowing the ones that are used to have specialised useful functions in the brain, giving greater organisation in the brain

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

Which area of the brain is one of the last areas to develop?

Study These Flashcards

The prefrontal cortex which is responsible for planning, personality development and moderating social behaviour

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

Why would adolescents be more prone to risky behaviours?

Study These Flashcards

Due to a combination of both an immature brain and environmental factors, like equally as immature peers

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

Which two areas of the brain is extremely active in adolescents that develop at the onset?

Study These Flashcards

Limbic system- responsible for emotions, very active
Ventral Striatum- highly sensitive to rewards

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

What is the result of an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and matured ventral striatum/ limbic system in adolescents?

Study These Flashcards

More engagement in risky, adult-like behaviours as they’re unable to assess the potential dangers and consequences

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development

How has a reduction in serotonin been show to lead to impulsivity?

Study These Flashcards

Monkeys- seen in situuations where offspring have been subjected to stress as a baby

Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan

What is the house-money effect?

Study These Flashcards

Gambling term that suggests people are happier to take bigger risks when the money they’re playing with doesn’t belong to them

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What was the aim for research into neural representation of expected value in the adolescent brain?

To investigate if there is a difference in neural activity between adolescents and adult brains when given risk taking scenarios

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan How many adults and adolescents took part, what was their mean age and how were they matched? ## Footnote How many were used in the end after checks?

* 19 adults (8m 11f) 30 years avg age * 22 adolescents (11m 11f) 15.6 years avg age * All from USA, healthy (lacked mental issues) and were all right handed ## Footnote 20 adolescents, 17 adults

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What kind of experiment was it and what was the IV and the DV?

Quasi lab experiment (naturally occurring IV adult or adolescent) DV- Brain activity in fMRI and gambling activity

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What experimental design was used?

Independent measures

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What information was collected from participants prior to the experiment?

Info on spending per month and perceptions on winning and losing (significant effect of age and spending money)

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan How were participants familiarised to the environment?

They had a mock fMRI to prevent confounding emotions of sudden fear or uncertainty affecting the real fMRI brain activity scan

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan How much were ps paid with and what were they told on having this?

$20- they then had an opportunity to win an additional $20 or the possibility that they could lose their $20 in the gambling task

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What task were ps presented with one week later when they returned to the lab?

A series of gambles each with 50% probability of gaining or losing the amount ($5-$20) on a spinner (give or take)

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan How many trials were there in total, and how many win only and loss only trials were there?

* 144 trials in total * 24 win-only trials, 24 loss-only trials to test for participants who weren't engaging properly

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What did the fMRI scans measure?

Their brain activity whilst rejecting or accepting the gamble

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan Did everyone accept or reject the gamble when the expected value was positive as opposed to zero?

All accepted

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan When were the adolescents more likely to gamble as opposed to the adults?

The higher the expected value of a win, the more likekly they were to gamble than adults

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan Which side of the ventral striatum was there more activity in adolescents?

Left

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What was concluded into why adolescents are more likely to take part in risky behaviours in terms of ventral striatum activity?

Developmental brain differences in ventral striatum- adolescents show greater activity than adults

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan Do adults or adolescents place greater value on rewards?

Adolescents

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Application What are the Graduated Driver Licensing Schemes and how can they be implemented in young people?

* Witholds a full driving license from a young person until they successfully pass a probationary period (as they're more likely to drive in a riskier manner due to lack of cognitive control) * Restrictions in place to limit need for cognitive decisions: Curfews Maximum speed limits and suspension Limiting passengers/ passengers of a certain age

# Topic 2- Pre-adult brain development- Barkley-Levenson and Galvan What are parenting strategies and how can these be implemented in the life of a young person?

* Those who are brought up in authoritative families are less likely to display risk behaviours (high expectations, stern punishments) with positive relationships, open communication and support * Discipline children when they engage in risky behaviours (Operant conditioning- punishment) and model positive non risky behaviours, avoiding taking part themself (SLT) avoid vicarious reinforcement

Child Psychology- Biological Flashcards

(41 cards)