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CHILD WITH ENDOCRINE PROBLEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Pituitary gland doesn’t release enough growth hormone

A

Growth hormone deficiency

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2
Q

Regulates water
balance in the body by controlling
the amount of water retained by
the kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or
vasopressin)

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3
Q

Types of GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY

A

Congenital GHD – Present at birth,
usually due to genetic mutations or
structural brain abnormalities

Acquired GHD – Develops later due to
damage to the pituitary gland

Idiopathic GHD – “Idiopathic” means
Unknown. No identifiable cause

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4
Q

Congenital Causes of GWH

A

Genetic Mutations:

Isolated GHD Type IA
Isolated GHD Type IB
Isolated GHD Type II
Isolated GHD Type III

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5
Q

Stimulates pituitary to release GH and
measures GH levels in blood

A

Growth hormone stimulation test

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6
Q

GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY TREATMENT?

A

Synthetic growth hormone injections
(recombinant human GH)

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7
Q

rare condition that happens
when a child or adolescent has high
levels of growth hormone (GH) in their
body, which causes them to grow very
tall. T

A

Gigantism

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8
Q

happens in children
before their bones stop growing,
making them grow very tall.

A

Gigantism

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9
Q

happens in adults
after their bones have stopped growing, so instead of getting
taller, their hands, feet, and face
get bigger.

A

Acromegaly

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10
Q

CAUSES OF GIGANTISM

A

Pituitary adenoma
Genetic Mutation
Pituitary hyperplasia

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11
Q

TEST:
These
measure hormone levels. Higher than
normal levels may indicate gigantism

A

Growth hormone and IGF-1 (insulin-like
growth factor 1) blood tests

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12
Q

TEST: Measures GH
response after drinking a sugar solution

A

Glucose tolerance test

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13
Q

SURGERY FOR GIGANTISM:

Usually the first treatment. Surgeons
remove the tumor through the nose

A

(transsphenoidal surgery).

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14
Q

a condition that
requires hormone replacement therapy

A

hypopituitarism

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15
Q

a condition where
the body doesn’t have enough
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called
vasopressin.

A

Diabetes insipidus

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16
Q

This hormone helps the
kidneys control how much water stays in
the body. That’s why the condition is
sometimes called…

A

“water diabetes”

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17
Q

Without
enough ADH, the kidneys remove too
much water from the blood, leading to

A

frequent urination and risk of
dehydration.

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18
Q

TYPES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Dipsogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Gestational Diabetes Insipidus

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19
Q

Done in the
hospital to check if dehydration occurs
when the child doesn’t eat or drink.

A

Water Deprivation Test

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20
Q

TREATMENT FOR CENTRAL DI:

  1. Replaces the missing
    ADH, reducing urine output and
    preventing dehydration.
  2. Help the kidneys
    reabsorb more water, reducing urine
    volume
A

Desmopressin
Thiazide diuretics

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21
Q

TREATMENT FOR NEPHROGENIC DI:

  1. Help reduce urine
    output, though the kidneys may still not
    fully respond to ADH
  2. Reduce the
    amount of fluid filtered by the kidneys
A

Thiazide Diuretics

NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen)

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22
Q

TREATMENT FOR GESTATIONAL DI:

can be safely used during
pregnancy. The condition usually resolves
after childbirth.

A

Desmopressin

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23
Q

happens
when a baby is born with an
underactive thyroid gland, meaning it
doesn’t produce enough thyroid
hormones.

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

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24
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland?

A

small gland in the neck,
below the voice box. It produces
hormones that control metabolism, or
how fast the body works.

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25
is done by taking a small blood sample from your baby’s heel
Newborn screening
26
A daily thyroid hormone pill
Levothyroxine
27
when the thyroid gland doesn't make enough thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism
28
n. Not enough thyroid hormone leads to signs such as slow growth, lack of activity, and poor performance in school. In children, it's often referred to as
acquired hypothyroidism.
29
The most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism is an autoimmune reaction called
Hashimoto thyroiditis.
30
(also known as overactive thyroid) occurs when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone (thyroxine).
Hyperthyroidism
31
CAUSES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
1. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body produces thyroid-stimulating antibodies, which cause the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. 2. Neonatal Graves’ disease is the most common cause in newborns. This occurs when a mother with Graves’ disease passes her thyroid-stimulating antibodies to her baby, causing temporary hyperthyroidism 3. Autonomous thyroid nodules (also called toxic or hot nodules) are growths in the thyroid gland that produce too much thyroid hormone. 4. Thyroiditis happens when the thyroid becomes inflamed, leading to leakage of thyroid hormone into the blood.
32
is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. It happens when thyroid hormone levels become extremely high
Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis)
33
TREATMENTS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Antithyroid drugs Radioactive iodine treatment Surgery (Thyroidectomy)
34
is the medical name for a group of genetic conditions that affect the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are a pair of walnut-sized organs above the kidneys.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
35
Hormones included in CONGETNITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Cortisol: Helps your body respond to illness, injury, and stress. Aldosterone: Helps your body maintain correct levels of salt (sodium) and water ○ Androgen: Male sex hormones such as testosterone
36
If you have CAH, you lack a specific enzyme which your adrenal glands need to make one or more of these hormones. Without this enzyme, your adrenal glands: ○ May not produce enough cortisol ○ May not produce enough aldosterone ○ May produce too much androgen
“21-hydroxylase”
37
TYPES OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
1. Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) - is the more serious form of the disease. It can cause adrenal complications such as shock and coma 2.Nonclassic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - Nonclassic CAH is a milder form. You may not know you have it until symptoms appear, sometimes not until adulthood
38
two subtypes of classic CAH:
Salt-wasting CAH: The most severe form. The adrenal glands produce too little aldosterone. This results in sodium loss through urine. Simple-virilizing CAH: A more moderate form. Aldosterone deficiency is less severe, and there are no life-threatening symptoms.
39
Less commonly, CAH is caused by absence of the enzyme
11-hydroxylase
40
TREATMENTS 1. Classic CAH 2. Nonclassic CAH
1. Salt supplements Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids 2. If asymptomatic, no treatment may be needed
41
is a condition in which your adrenal glands don't make enough of the hormone cortisol.
adrenal crisis
42
It’s a life-threatening complication of adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease
43
affects almost every organ and tissue in your body
Cortisol
44
Why is an adrenal crisis an emergency?
may cause a lack of blood flow (shock) It may also lead to seizures or coma.
45
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: adrenal crisis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) blood test Blood sugar tests Cortisol test pH blood test Potassium blood test Sodium blood test
46
(hydrocortisone phosphate or hydrocortisone sodium succinate) and saline solution through a vein in your arm or hand (IV). This replaces the missing cortisol.
Hydrocortisone injection
47
is an uncommon condition that happens when your body has too much of a hormone called cortisol.
Cushing syndrome
48
Another name for Cushing syndrome is
hypercortisolism
49
DIAGNOSTIC TEST CUSHING SYNDROME
24-hour urinary cortisol test: Measures cortisol levels in urine collected over 24 hours Midnight salivary cortisol test: Cortisol is usually low at night; high levels may indicate Cushing syndrome Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test:You take 1 mg of dexamethasone at night; High-dose dexamethasone suppression test: Uses 8 mg of dexamethasone to help differentiate between pituitary and ectopic causes Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS): Highly accurate (95%-98%), this test identifies the source of ACTH secretion using a catheter in the petrosal sinuses
50
MEDICATION FOR CUSHING SYNDROMEE
Ketoconazole to reduce cortisol production
51
s is a chronic (life-long) autoimmune disease that prevents your pancreas from making insulin.
Type 1 diabetes
52
Type 1 diabetes was previously known as
juvenile diabetes insulin-dependent diabetes
53
If a diagnosis is delayed, untreated Type 1 diabetes can be life-threatening due to a complication called
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
54
DIAGNOSTIC TEST Type 1 diabetes
● Blood glucose test – Measures sugar in the blood (random and fasting). Very high blood sugar usually indicates Type 1 diabetes. ● Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) – Shows average blood sugar over the past 3 months. ● Antibody test – Checks for autoantibodies; if present, indicates Type 1 (not usually found in Type 2).
55
If you have diabetic ketoacidosis: 1. – Measures various substances in the blood to assess chemical balance 2. Detects ketones in urine, a sign your body is using fat for energy. 3. – Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery
Basic metabolic panel Urinalysis Arterial blood gas (ABG)
56
Ways to take insulin:
● Multiple daily injections (MDI) – Using a syringe and vial, injected into belly, arm, thigh, or buttocks. ● Insulin pen – Pre-filled pen with disposable needle; easier for some people. ● Insulin pump – Delivers insulin continuously via a catheter. ● Rapid-acting inhaled insulin (Afrezza®) – Inhaled, fast-acting insulin. ● Insulin needs change across life stages such as puberty, pregnancy, or when using steroids.
57
is a chronic condition that occurs when you have persistently high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
TYPE 2 DIABETES
58
DIAGNOSTIC TEST TYPE 2 DIABETES
○ Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: Taken in the morning after fasting for 8 hours. A result of 126 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes. ○ Random Plasma Glucose Test: Can be taken anytime, even without fasting. A result of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes. ○ A1C Test: Measures average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months. A result of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
59
Medications for Type 2 Diabetes:
Metformin GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists Insulin
60
is a condition in which there is too little calcium in the blood.
Hypocalcemia
61
SYMPTOMS OF Hypocalcemia
C – Convulsions A – Arrhythmias T – Tetany S – Stridor or Spasms
62
Calcium supplements pair with
D supplements
62
a rare inherited metabolic disorder where the body can't break down phenylalanine (an amino acid found in protein-rich foods and aspartame).
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
63
This happens due to a mutation in the PAH gene, which leads to a deficiency or absence of the enzyme
phenylalanine hydroxylase.
64
Types of PKU:
● Classic PKU – Most severe type. The enzyme is either completely absent or severely reduced. High risk of intellectual disability and brain damage if untreated. ● Mild or Moderate PKU – The enzyme is present but with limited function. Phenylalanine still builds up but more slowly
65
TREATMENTS PHENYLKETONURIA MEDICATIONS
Lifelong low-phenylalanine diet Sapropterin (Kuvan) Pegvaliase (Palynziq)

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