childhood

Question 1

what stage of development do sociologists see childhood?

Answer 1

a biological stage of development

Question 2

what type of construct do sociologists see childhood as?

Answer 2

a social construct

Question 3

how is childhood not universal?

Answer 3

the idea of how children are different from adults in their values, behaviour and attitudes isn’t the same everywhere in the world

Question 4

what is an example of childhood being a social construct?

Answer 4

minimum legal age for marriage in Britain rose from 12 to 16

Question 5

what did Jane Pilcher (1995) highlight about childhood?

Answer 5

the separateness of childhood from other life phases

Question 6

how are children regulated and protected?

Answer 6

through laws

Question 7

what did Aries (1962) say developed after industrialisation?

Answer 7

a cult of childhood

Question 8

what did Aries (1962) look at in his study?

Answer 8

paintings

Question 9

when did Aries (1962) say childhood in Westeren Society began?

Answer 9

300 years ago

Question 10

what role in society did Aries (1962) find children play in medieval society?

Answer 10

the role of an adult

Question 11

when were children allowed to take on the role of an adult according to Aries (1962)?

Answer 11

as soon as they were physically able

Question 12

how did Aries (1962) describe the children in medieval paintings?

Answer 12

mini-adults

Question 12

what did Aries (1962) say changed after industrialisation?

Answer 12

social attitudes

Question 13

how did Aries (1962) say people viewed children after industrialisation?

Answer 13

valued as needing specialised care and nurturing

Question 14

what did Aries (1962) say the importance of the child reinforced?

Answer 14

the importance of the housewife

Question 15

what class did Aries (1962) say the ‘cult of the child’ first developed in?

Answer 15

m/c but then became part of w/c values

Question 16

why does Pollack (1983) say Aries (1962) work is weak?

Answer 16

it uses paintings for its main evidence

Question 17

what do functionalists see the position of children as a sign of?

Answer 17

a sign of progress

Question 18

what does Shorter (1975) make the argument of?

Answer 18

the march of progress

Question 19

what do 2 things functionalists think society has a functional need for?

Answer 19

better-education citizens and lower infant mortality rates

Question 20

what do functionalists say has improved due to school leaving ages increasing?

Answer 20

child protection has improved

Question 21

what do functionalists say the current position of children is the result of?

Answer 21

positive progression from the past

Question 22

how has the status of children changed?

Answer 22

society is more child-focused

Question 23

how does Donzelot (1977) say child development changed in the 19th century?

Answer 23

they began to argue children needed to be protected and supervised

Question 24

what did Donzelot (1977) the changing of child development to?

Answer 24

the growing medical interest in childhood development

Question 25

what has happened to the infant mortality rate since the early 20th century

Answer 25

it has dramatically decreased

Question 26

what was the IMR in 1901?

Answer 26

150

Question 27

what was the IMR in 2012?

Answer 27

3.9

Question 28

what is happening to the size of families?

Answer 28

they are getting smaller

Question 29

why are family sizes getting smaller?

Answer 29

fewer children die in infancy

Question 30

what is being spent more on children in the family and wider society?

Answer 30

more attention and money

Question 31

what does the 'march of progress' argument suggest?

Answer 31

that families are becoming more child-focused

Question 32

what does it mean that families are becoming more child-focused?

Answer 32

parents want a better life for their children than they have experienced themselves

Question 33

3 things that laws restrict children from doing

Answer 33

1. their sexual behaviour 2. their access to alcohol and tobacco 3. the amount of paid work they can perform

Question 34

what does the Children Act 1989 allow?

Answer 34

for children to be taken away from their parents by the state if it judges the parents to be incapable or unsuitable

Question 35

what does the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) argue children need?

Answer 35

greater protection

Question 36

how many children aged 11-17 did an NSPCC report by Radford et al (2011) find experienced sexual abuse in the UK?

Answer 36

1 in 20

Question 37

how many children aged 11-17 did an NSPCC report by Radford et al (2011) find experienced physical abuse in the UK?

Answer 37

1 in 14

Question 38

how do child liberationists see society as oppressive to children?

Answer 38

they see increased protection of children and their separation from adult life as oppressive

Question 39

what does Diana Gittins (1985) argue there is?

Answer 39

an age patriarchy

Question 40

what is an age patriarchy?

Answer 40

adults maintain authority over children

Question 41

how do adults achieve an age patriarchy?

Answer 41

using enforced dependency through protection from paid employment, legal controls over what children can and can't do, and in extreme cases abuse and neglect

Question 42

what do Hockey and James (1993) say many children wish about childhood?

Answer 42

it's a stage most children wished to escape from and many restricted

Question 43

what are 3 factors that childhood varies according to?

Answer 43

class, gender and ethnicity

Question 44

3 things that children in poverty suffer from?

Answer 44

1. poorer health 2. a lack of basic necessities 3. lower achievement in school

Question 45

what % of children in the UK were living in low-income households in 2013-14?

Answer 45

17%

Question 46

what are low-income households?

Answer 46

households earning less than 60% of the median income

Question 47

what ethnicities did June Statham and Charlie Owens (2007) find are more likely to end up in care than which ethnicities?

Answer 47

black and dual-heritage children were more likely than white or asian children

Question 48

what % of white british children lived in rural areas in 2011?

Answer 48

22%

Question 49

what % of bangladeshi and pakistani children lived in rural areas in 2011?

Answer 49

1%

Question 50

what ethnicity did Julia Brannen (1994) say are more stricter with their daughters than their sons?

Answer 50

asian families

Question 51

what did Hillman et al (1990) find after studying children aged 7 to 15?

Answer 51

parents generally give boys more freedom than girls to travel around their local areas unaccompanied

Question 52

what did Bonke (1994) find girls are more likely to perform than boys?

Answer 52

household chores

Question 53

what societies does Wagg (1992) argue the construction of childhood varies across?

Answer 53

different historical and cultural societies

Question 54

what do cross-cultural differences mean?

Answer 54

children are not always seen as vulnerable and can have a similar status to adults

Question 55

what did Punch (2001) find children growing up in the countryside in Bolivia were given?

Answer 55

more responsibilites and work to perform

Question 56

what attitudes do Punch's (2001) results contrast with?

Answer 56

attitudes towards child labour that have developed since industrialisation

Question 57

what did Katz (2004) find Sudanese children have more freedom to do than children in Western societies ?

Answer 57

explore and travel around their local area

Question 58

what do some sociologists argue is projected onto different cultures?

Answer 58

ideas of Western childhood

Question 59

what does Judith Ennew (1986) argue humanitarian and welfare work is based on?

Answer 59

the belief that Western childhood is the 'correct childhood'

Question 60

what ideas are projected onto cultures that have different views on the needs of children?

Answer 60

the idea that childhood should be a separate, more innocent stage of life

Question 61

what are children now recognised as having?

Answer 61

unique human rights

Question 62

when was the Unique Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified by all the UN members?

Answer 62

1990

Question 63

what did the Child Support Agency give children the legal right to do?

Answer 63

be financially supported by their parents whether their parents are living with the child or not

Question 64

what do advertisers recognise?

Answer 64

the financial power of children

Question 65

what is pester power?

Answer 65

when advertisers advertise a product to children because they know the children will pester their parents to buy the product

Question 66

what is the 'futurity' of the child identified by Jenks (2005)

Answer 66

children symbolised future potential and were the main concern of society

Question 67

why does Jenks (2005) think adult relationships are now less dependable?

Answer 67

due to divorce becoming more common, adults prioritise relationships with children instead of their relationships with friends and partners

Question 68

what do adults seeing children through a lens of nostalgia mean?

Answer 68

children represent the things that society has lost over time which has led to increased protection and surveillance of children

Question 69

what do critics of Jenk's theory say?

Answer 69

he makes too many generalisations

Question 70

what does Palmer (2007) say children are now experiencing?

Answer 70

'toxic childhood'

Question 71

what does 'toxic childhood' mean?

Answer 71

children lives are now more violent and sexually active which leads to teenage pregnancy, self-harm and addiction

Question 72

what does Palmer (2007) say technological advancements have done to children's development?

Answer 72

it has been damaged

Question 73

what does Neil Postman (1994) believe is happening to childhood?

Answer 73

it is disappearing

Question 74

why does Neil Postman (1994) believe childhood is disappearing?

Answer 74

because children grow up quickly and experience things only available to adults in the past

Question 75

what is the disappearance of childhood due to a shift from?

Answer 75

print and literacy culture to visual culture

Question 76

how can children now access the adult world?

Answer 76

through watching TV

Question 77

who does Nick Lee (2005) disagree with?

Answer 77

Postman (1995)

Question 78

what does Nick Lee (2005) argue parents have control over?

Answer 78

financial control and children can only spend as much as their parents allow

Question 79

what does Opie (1993) argues still exists independently of adult influence?

Answer 79

childhood culture