Childhood Flashcards
(15 cards)
How is childhood defined in modern Western societies?
Childhood is seen as a distinct and separate life stage, characterized by innocence and dependence. It is marked by laws, customs, and products specifically for children.
What does Pilcher (1995) say is the key feature of modern childhood?
Separateness—childhood is a clear and distinct life stage, separate from adulthood, with children occupying a protected, innocent status.
How does Wagg (1992) view childhood?
Wagg argues childhood is socially constructed and varies across cultures and historical periods. There is no universal definition of childhood.
What did Benedict (1934) find about childhood in non-industrial societies?
Benedict identified three differences: children take on responsibility at a young age, obedience to adults is less valued, and children’s sexual behavior is viewed more tolerantly.
What is meant by the ‘globalisation of Western childhood’?
Western norms of childhood (e.g., innocence, dependency, exclusion from work) are being imposed on other cultures through international campaigns and policies.
What does Ariès (1960) argue about childhood in the Middle Ages?
Ariès claims that childhood did not exist as a distinct phase. Children were seen as ‘mini-adults’ and participated in the same work and activities as adults.
How did Ariès say the concept of childhood changed over time?
From the 13th century onward, schooling, distinct clothing, and literature for children emerged, leading to the modern ‘cult of childhood’ in the 20th century.
What are some criticisms of Ariès’ view?
Pollock (1983) argues childhood existed in the past but was perceived differently. Critics also note Ariès’ reliance on limited historical evidence.
What changes in society have improved children’s position over time?
Laws protecting children, compulsory education, smaller family sizes, child welfare policies, and improved healthcare have enhanced children’s well-being and status.
What is Postman’s (1994) argument about the disappearance of childhood?
Postman claims childhood is disappearing due to the blurring of distinctions between adults and children, caused by media and technology that expose children to adult knowledge.
How do Opie (1993) and Jenks (2005) challenge Postman’s view?
Opie argues a separate children’s culture still exists. Jenks suggests childhood is changing, not disappearing, with increasing adult surveillance due to instability in modern relationships.
What is the conflict view on childhood?
Conflict theorists argue that children’s experiences are not equal—class, gender, and ethnicity impact their opportunities and well-being. Additionally, adult control can lead to oppression.
What is Gittins’ (1998) concept of age patriarchy?
Gittins describes the inequalities between adults and children, where adults dominate and control children, leading to resistance through strategies like ‘acting up’ or ‘acting down.’
How do Firestone (1979) and Holt (1974) critique the protection of children?
They argue protection from paid work and other restrictions are forms of oppression that reinforce children’s dependency on adults.
What is the ‘new sociology of childhood’?
This approach views children as active agents who shape their own lives. It values children’s perspectives and highlights diverse experiences of childhood across cultures and societies.
