Childhood Development Flashcards
(42 cards)
What 3 factors influence normal development?
Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental
List antenatal, perinatal and post-natal environmental factors which can affect development
Antenatal: maternal alcohol, substance abuse, infection
Perinatal: birth asphyxia
Post-natal: emotional neglect, lack of stimuli
What is meant by a developmental milestone?
The normal age range where a new skill is acquired
When referring to developmental milestones, median age = …
The age by which 50% of the population has achieved a skill
When referring to developmental milestones, limit age = …
The age by which a child should have developed a skill
2 standard deviations above the median age
What does it mean if a child has not developed a skill by limit age?
Increased probability of a developmental problem
but not definite
What is the difference between chronological, corrected and developmental age?
Chronological age: age from actual birth
Corrected age: age based on original due date (used in premature babies)
Developmental age: age expressed in ones ability to complete a skill
Premature birth should be taken into account for younger developmental age up until what age?
2 years old
Sequence of development between children is usually (the same/different) and rate of development usually (stays the same/varies)
Sequence of development between children is usually THE SAME and rate of development usually VARIES
Motor development procedes in a cephalocaudal direction. T/F?
True
Head control is usually acquired first, then trunk, arms, fingers etc
Give an example of normal variation in development
Crawling
Bear crawl vs bottom shuffle vs commando crawl vs rolling
Describe the following primitive reflexes:
- Sucking and rooting
- Palmar and plantar grasp
- Moro reflex
- ATNR
- Stepping and placing
- Sucking and rooting: turning head and opening mouth to seek out nipple
- Palmar and plantar grasp: will tightly grasp what is placed in their palm
- Moro reflex: baby’s head falls back when startled
- ATNR: asymmetric tonic neck reflex -> when someone turns baby’s head to the side, they extend their arm and leg on that same side, stops them from rolling off of a surface
- Stepping and placing: baby steps onto surface when foot placed on it
When do baby’s lose their primitive relfexes?
After 5-7 months
Which primitive reflex may persist after 7 months in cerebral palsy?
ATNR
What are the 4 areas of development?
Gross motor
Fine motor + vision
Language + hearing
Social behaviour + play
Lots of progress in one area of development will most likely result in lots of progress in the other 3 areas. T/F?
False
If there is lots of progress in one area of development, there will probably be less development in the other areas as the child masters their new skill
Which gross motor skills have a median age of... 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 14 months 18 months 24-36 months
3 months - Head control 6 months - Sitting balance 9 months - Crawling 12 months - Standing 14 months - Walking 18 months - Running 24-36 months - Climbing stairs
What is the saving/parachute reflex?
The baby sticks out their hand to support their fall when they are pushed/tilted from a sitting position
When does the saving/parachute reflex develop and how long does it last?
~5-6 months of age when the baby learns to sit
Persists throughout life
Ability to crawl (at ~9 months) is helped by which activity?
Tummy-time
Why might learning to crawl be delayed?
Fear following the ‘back to sleep’ campaign -> babies not getting enough time on their tummies
Which fine motor + vision skills have a median age of... 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 18 months 24 months 36 months 48 months (4 years)
3 months - holds hands in front of face and examines them, follows objects with eyes
6 months - palmar grasps toys
9 months - scissor grasp
12 months - fine pincer grip
18 months - builds tower of bricks
24 months - scribbles
36 months - copies circle
48 months (4 years) - draws simple man
Why does risk of swallowing unwanted objects increase after ~12 months?
This is when fine pincer grip develops
Which hearing + language skills have a median age of... 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 18 months 24 months 36 months 48 months (4 years)
3 months - vocalises
6 months - babbles
9 months - imitates sounds
12 months - knows name
18 months - 5-20 words, points to/recognises body parts and pictures
24 months - 50+ words, simple instructions
36 months - asks questions, complex instructions
48 months (4 years) - can tell stories from experiences
