Childhood Disorders Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is ADHD?
symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
What is the known aetiology of ADHD?
80% heritability estimate, switching on and off of executive functions (frontal lobe), parenting insonsistency
What are the treatment options for ADHD?
psychostimulant meds (for small availability of dopamine) and psychosocial treatment to improve social skills
Explain Specific Learning Disorder in terms of Reading.
difficulties in reading accuracy, fluency and comprehension, unexpected in relation to cognitive age
What is the aetiology info about specific learning disorder (reading)?
heritability, deficits in phonological awareness, working memory, speed of processing, speech perception
What are the treatment options for specific learning disorder (reading)?
phonological and strategy based approaches (multisensory instruction)
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
characterised by impairments in social communication interaction and repetative behaviours, interests and activities (social communication problems around reciprocity and comprehending non verbal; also deficits in theory of mind)
What is the aetiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
genetics, prenatal and perinatal insults, severe social deprivation, larger brain size
What is the treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
early intervention for adaption and functioning (behaviour modification programs; meds can be used for targeting specific behaviour problems)
What is Intellectual Disability?
deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning
What is the aetiology of Intellectual Disability?
500 genetic conditions associated, exposure to toxic agents, infection, low birth weight, head injury, postnatal causes
What is the treatment for Intellectual Disability?
Early intervention (physical/occupational/speech therapy, family support
What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour (difficulty regulating emotions and negative affective style which continues in different settings)
What is the aetiology of ODD?
alterations in androgen, frontal brain activity, traumatic brain injury, temperament, difficulty understanding social cues, high punishment and critique, ristrictive control
What is Conduct Disorder?
persistent pattern of violation of rules/rights of others (steal, fight, cruelty)
What is the aetiology of Conduct Disorder?
ODD and ADHD often precursors, low cortisol, high androgen, callousness, antisocial peer association, rejection, family structure/r/ships, SES
What are treatment options for OCC and Conduct Disorder?
Functional Family Therapy (improve attributions) Behaviour Approaches (problem solving skills training)
What is Separation Anxiety Disorder?
fear specifically related to separation experiences (fear reduced with presence of attachment figure)
What is the aetiology of Separation Anxiety Disorder?
predisposition to antiety in general (behaviour inhibition), parental anxiety, over protective parenting
What are the treatment options for Separation Anxiety Disorder?
CBT (ed, exposure, coping, reinforcement), parent involvment important, statements and relaxation
What is Selective Mutism?
persistent failure to speak in certain settings even though person has ability (comorbid anxiety); may be related to early trauma or shy/inhibited temperament
What are the Treatment options for Selective Mutism?
graded exposure and self modelling
What is Enuresis and Encopresis
1) involuntary emptying of the bladder (5 or older).
2) repetitive soiling in inappropriate places (at least 4yrs)
What are some of the problems associated with the actual diagnosis of childhood disorders?
most studies focus on single moment in time, substantial comorbidities, hard to establish what is normal and abnormal behaviour in children
