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Childhood Nutrition Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

1-2 years of childhood

A

Toddler

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2
Q

2-6 years of childhood

A

preschool

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3
Q

6-10 year old female and 6-12 year old male of childhood

A

school age

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4
Q

What kind of growth is there in childhood?

A

slower rate, in stature and weight

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5
Q

What is the approximate weight gain during elementary school?

A

3-3.5 kg/year

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6
Q

How much does height increase during 2nd and 3rd year?

A

~5 inches/year

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7
Q

How much does heigh increase during school-age?

A

2.5-3.5 inches/year

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8
Q

Does brain growth mimic that of infancy?

A

no

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9
Q

How many centimeters does the average toddler head circumference increase?

A

2 cm

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10
Q

When does the brain reach adult size?

A

12 years of age

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11
Q

The childhood period is often referred to as the _________

A

late growth period

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12
Q

The expansion of the brain slows down but what happens to neural development?

A

continues through puberty

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13
Q

What is greater: the growth of the trunk and legs or the growth of the head?

A

trunk and legs

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14
Q

When will the child be 2/3 of adult height?

A

6 years

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15
Q

Children’s percentiles on growth charts are in line with _______

A

genetic potential

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16
Q

What happens to body composition in preschool and school-age children?

A

it remains constant

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17
Q

The body water shifts from ______ to ______ fluid compartment

A

extracellular to intracellular

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18
Q

What happens to percent fat?

A

relatively constant

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19
Q

What happens to fat-free mass (skeletal muscle, bone, soft tissue protein)

A

increases

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20
Q

What creates gender differences? are these activated in childhood?

A

sex hormones; no they re suppressed

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21
Q

What’s another word for baby teeth?

A

deciduous teeth

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22
Q

When do deciduous start appearing?

A

6 months

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23
Q

How many teeth do children have?

A

20

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24
Q

When do children start losing deciduous teeth?

A

end of preschool period (6 years)

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25
What happens to body control during this time?
increases
26
When can the child start feeding themselves?
about 2 years
27
Who develops earlier--girls or boys?
girls
28
What tends to slow down during the second year due to the reduced rate of growth?
appetite
29
What characterizes the decrease in appetite?
decreased consumption of milk
30
When do appetites tend pick up again?
end of period-- 4 to 6 years
31
What food groups decrease in childhood?
milk and vegetables
32
What food group stays constant in childhood?
meats
33
What food groups increase in childhood?
sweets, desserts, starches, fruits
34
How do meal patterns change on part of the child?
more frequent smaller meals
35
What is the most difficult meal for children?
evening
36
Why must parents be so patient during this period when it comes to food?
child will use it as a symbol of independence or as a weapon
37
When will food choices and pattern become more characteristic?
late in the preschool period (4-6 years)
38
When are food habits established?
childhood
39
Why is it bad to associate sweets with punishment?
not teaching them anything and promotes obesity
40
Are requirements and RDAs known for this group?
no; mostly estimates using an estimate between infant and adult values
41
What is energy closely related to?
body size; more so than age
42
What can widely influence kcal requirements?
physical activity levels
43
Why is a balance of calories so important?
excessive calories contribute to obesity but sufficient calories ensure adequate growth
44
Why is age alone not an adequate criterion to estimate energy needs?
there is a tremendous difference in the size of normal boys and girls at any age
45
What is the best indicator of energy needs?
height
46
What happens to energy needs when children grow? in kg and cm
decline when expressed per kg but remain constant when expressed per cm
47
Are there allowances for carbs and fat?
no
48
What are the recommendations for carbs?
should have ample complex carbs
49
What are the recommendations for linoleum acid?
1-2% of kcal
50
What are the recommendations for AHA after age 2?
>20% but <30% of calories from fat
51
What happens to the protein content of a child's body during this age period?
increases
52
When do protein contents reach similar values to adults?
four years of age
53
What is the most appropriate way to assess adequacy of an individuals protein intake?
evaluate heigh and weight
54
How does the dietary intake of protein for children in the US compare to RDA levels?
much higher
55
Have minimal and optimal protein levels been determined for this age group?
no
56
What is important in promoting laxation?
fiber
57
What may fiber reduce the future risk of?
chronic disease-CVD, some cancers, adult onset diabetes
58
What is recommended fiber intake by the conference on dietary fiber in childhood (1995)?
starting at age 2, fiber intake should be their age + 5 grams
59
What is the requirement for vitamin D?
same as adult
60
What is the requirement for calcium?
higher than adult
61
What is xerophthalmia?
deficiency in vitamin A
62
When is xerophthalmia a problem?
3-4 years of age in developing countries
63
When is acute vitamin A toxicity reported in US children?
oversupplementation
64
When does the risk of overdose of vitamin D decrease?
beyond age 2
65
What is the vitamin E requirement related to?
PUFA levels
66
What is adequate after infancy for vitamin K?
diet and GI synthesis
67
You need ____ to prevent scurvy
10 mg/day of vitamin C
68
When are vitamin C intakes low?
low-income families
69
Children need ___ times as much calcium as an adult per unit weight
2-4
70
Why is the DRI for calcium only a guide?
large variability in calcium requirements
71
What happens to 100 mg of calcium each day?
retained as bone
72
What is iron needed for?
hemogloin production and to support growth
73
What does the requirement of iron depend on?
rate of growth, individual iron stores, efficiency of absorption from foods
74
What does the food guide pyramid for young children focus on?
variety; emphasis on grains, fruits, vegetables, physical activity
75
What is important for preschool children in relation to feeding?
developing a positive attitude towards food and food choices
76
Children require smaller portions but....
they eat more frequently
77
Why should snacks be planned?
provide nutrient dense foods and timed so they won't interfere with meals
78
What is a food jag?
children eat the same thing everyday
79
Who should control a child's food intake?
the child--should not be pressured to eat
80
Do parents still need to have an influence on food intake?
yes in terms of family food habits, availability of food, etc
81
What type of snack is universal?
after school snack
82
Who eats more often, a preschooler or school age child?
preschoolers
83
What has an influence on food choices and preferences in a school age child?
peer pressure

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