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Micro/Immuno FINAL > Childhood Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Childhood Viral Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of virus is measles?

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • genome: (-)ssRNA
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins:
    • L-pol
    • P (C&V) - phoophoprotein
    • H - hemagglutinin (attachment protein)
    • F - fusion (carries out receptor mediated endocytosis)
    • M -matrix
    • N - nucleocapsid
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2
Q

where does measle virus replication occur

A

inside the cell cytoplasm

nucleus not required for replication

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3
Q

what causes syncytia formation?

A

fusion protein on surface

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4
Q

what mode of exit does the measles virus use?

A

weakly lytic

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5
Q

how is measles infection spread/acquired?

A

inhalation of aerosolized droplets

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6
Q

what is the incubation period of measles

A

10-14 days: primary infection in respiratory epithelial tissues ->primary viremia

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7
Q

describe the symptom onset of measles

A

coincides with second round of virus replication

occurs in LN, tonsils, lungs, GI tract, and spleen –> secondary viremia

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8
Q

how long does it take to recover from measles?

A

20 days after infection

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9
Q

T/F: measles is the most deadly of the childhood rash/fever illnesses (CDC)

A

T

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10
Q

how long does it take after vaccination to develop immunity?

A

2 weeks

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11
Q

what causes the characteristic rash of measles disease?

A

virus & immune response damage to epithelial and endothelial cells = 2 part rash

called koplik spots

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12
Q

how does measles cause immune suppression?

A

interference with CD46 & signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptors

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13
Q

what are some opportunistic infections easy to get while infected with measles?

A

strep pneumoniae, staph aureus, heamophilus influenzae

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14
Q

**what can be caused by measles in children?

A
  • blindness with Vit a deficiency
  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-rare 1:1000 children, demyelinating disease
  • Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (SSPE)-very rare 1:1000000 children, 7-10 yrs after infection, progressive neurological deterioration
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15
Q

what are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • 2-3 days fever + cough, coryza & conjunctivitis

- rash: koplik spots “small bright red spots with bluish centers on buccal mucosa…pathognomonic for measles”

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16
Q

how are measles ID’ed in the lab?

A
  • virus isolation in culture (difficult)
  • serology
  • ELISA, RT-PCR
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17
Q

**how is measles prevented?

A
  • one of the most contagious diseases known: one illness can cause 15-20 more
  • people infectious 2-3 days prior to rash
  • humans are only host
  • vaccination: primary option, lifelong immunity, live attenuated, safe (autism and colitis correlation retracted)
  • providing Vit A can reduce severity
  • no antivirals

**1962-1965 vaccination came about, before that 400-500000 cases a yr

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18
Q

T/F: measles was declared eliminated from the US in 2000 but remains common in other countries

A

T

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19
Q

what type of virus is respiratory syncytial virus?

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • genome: (-)ssRNA
  • virion: enveloped
  • proteins:
    • L - pol
    • G - glycoprotein
    • F - fusion
    • M - matrix
    • P - phosphoprotein
    • N - nucleocapsid
    • NS1&NS2- replication & immune response
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20
Q

what does the resp. syncytial virus nucleocapsid contain?

A

genomic RNA, N protein, P protein, M2-1 protein, L protein

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21
Q

where does resp. syncytial virus replicate?

A

in the cell, similar steps as for measle virus

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22
Q

where dose resp. syncytial virus infect?

A

ciliated cells in the respiratory tract epithelium

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23
Q

what protein in resp. syncytial virus creates syncytia?

A

fusion proteins

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24
Q

how does the virus exit the host?

A

buds from cellular surface

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25
T/F: resp. syncytial virus is "the most important viral agent of serious pediatric respiratory tract infections"
T
26
**how is resp. syncytial virus acquired?
inhalation of aerosol, fomites
27
where is resp. syncytial virus replication limited to?
respiratory tract
28
what is the incubation period for resp. syncytial virus?
4-5 days
29
when do symptoms appear for resp. syncytial virus?
lower respiratory tract symptoms 1-3 days after upper respiratory tract symptoms
30
when does the recover occur for resp. syncytial virus?
7-12 days after symptom onset
31
**what is the reservoir for resp. syncytial virus?
virus that infects humans does not infect other animals aka no animal reservoir
32
does infection with resp. syncytial virus yield life long immunity?
no, infants have an immature immune sys infection limited to respiratory tract epithelial cells where IgA response is short lived low cytotoxicity thought to result in slower immune response
33
what are the risk factors for infection with resp. syncytial virus?
- attending day care | - school age siblings
34
what is the risk for more severe disease with resp. syncytial virus?
-premature birth, male, second hand exposure to tobacco smoke, lack of breast feeding (no Ig's transferred)
35
how is resp. syncytial virus prevented?
-no antivirals -no vaccine *vaccines in development *formalin inactivated vaccine not successful *challenge to immunize infants who are at greatest risk -passive immunoprophylaxis *Palivizumab-humanized monocolonal antibody ~targets F protein ~Given IM once a month
36
what type of virus is varicella zoster virus?
- alphaherpesvirus - genome: dsDNA, large - virion: enveloped - proteins: encodes hundreds of proteins
37
where does varicella zoster virus replicate?
- in the cell: * active cell for replication * resting cell (eg neuron)->latent infection (circular genome) * infects neighboring cells first
38
how does varicella zoster virus replicate?
- releases genetic material into nuclear envelope -> transc-> translation - virus requires replicating cells done by encoding proteins - can establish latent infection
39
how is VZV infection acquired?
inhalation of aerosolized droplets
40
what is the incubation period for VZV?
10-21 days
41
what are the symptoms for VZV?
- fever, malaise, headache - rash 1-2 days after symptom onset - rash progress for 3-6 days - rash on scalp, face, trunk primarily
42
when does recovery begin for VZV?
by 2 weeks post symptom onset: cell mediated immunity most important
43
what is the latent infection caused by VZV?
shingles which is not to be confused with small pox small pox more on face and extremities shingles more on trunk
44
how can chickenpox be prevented?
- vaccination * primary option * life long immunity * live attenuated vaccine - antivirals * acyclovir: interferes with genome replication, cannot eliminate latent virus, does not prevent infection of cells, drug resistance is being observed
45
what type of virus is poliovirus?
- picornavirus - genome: (+)ssRNA - virion: non-enveloped - proteins * capsid - VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4 * non-structural proteases, polymerase, others ** + stranded RNA doesn't need to be retranscribed inside host so no polymerase needed to start it
46
where does poliovirus replication occur?
replication in cell, no nucleus needed
47
how does polio virus replicate?
- virus particle creates pore in cell membrane - genome serves as mRNA - (+) stranded so no nucleus needed, proteins shut of transcription in nucleus so it stops its own cell upkeep
48
how is poliovirus infection spread?
ingestion of material containing virus as few as 100TCID50
49
where is poliovirus primary replication in the human body?
peyer's patches of small intestine minor viremia
50
what does poliovirus secondary replication cause
major viremia
51
T/F: fecal shedding of poliovirus is for 6 weeks
T
52
does poliovirus have CNS involvement?
yes in 1:200 infections virulence factors: physical exertion, trauma, tonsillectomy
53
where in the CNS does poliovirus replication?
grey matter of brain and spinal cord
54
if poliovirus reaches the CNS what does it cause clinically?
- limb paralysis from anterior horn cell damage | - respiratory paralysis from damage to medulla oblongata
55
**how is poliovirus prevented?
-vaccination: *two effective vaccines available ~salk-killed, used in US ~sabin-live attenuated
56
**what is the reservoir for poliovirus?
humans, no animal reservoir
57
what blocks poliovirus from binding in the intestines?
IgA
58
**what type of virus is rotavirus?
- reoviridae - genome: dsRNA, 11 segments - virion: non-enveloped - proteins * VP1-pol * VP2-RNA binding * VP3-transferase * VP4-attachment & fusion * other structural and non-structural proteins
59
describe the two coats of rotavirus
outer coat: environmental protection, can be digested off pretty quickly core coat: generates mRNA transcripts
60
where is rotavirus replication?
in cell cytoplasm
61
how does rotavirus replicate?
- membrane disruption (tight junctions, microvilli, microfilament network) - genome never exposed - cellular response of innate immunity - mRNA extruded out of turrets on struc - no nucleus needed for replication - evokes intestinal secretion (enterotoxin, enteric nervous system by incr. Ca2+ secretion which triggers evacuation of bowels)
62
how is rotavirus spread?
infection by ingestion of material containing the virus
63
what is the incubation period of rotavirus?
2 days- vomiting & fever
64
when does diarrhea occur from rotavirus?
2-3 days after vomitting, 3-8 days in duration
65
T/F: there is rotavirus virus shedding for weeks before symptom onset and days after recovery
T
66
how is rotavirus diagnosed?
by antigens in stool
67
how is rotavirus prevented?
- infant vaccines available - no antivirals - hygiene:hand washing - treatment: oral rehydration
68
what kind of virus is mumps?
paramyxovirus
69
what kind of virus is german measles?
togaviruses, virus is rubella
70
what kind of virus is 5th disease?
parovirus
71
what kind of virus is roseola?
betaherpesvirus

Micro/Immuno FINAL (16 decks)

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