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Childhood viral infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What 6 viral infections do you have to report to Public Health England as soon as their is a diagnosis?

A 
Acute meningitis
Acute poliomyelitis
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
(MMR)
Smallpox
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2
Q

What 6 viral infections do you have to report to Public Health England as soon as their is a diagnosis?

A 
Acute meningitis
Acute poliomyelitis
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
(MMR)
Smallpox
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3
Q

List 6 infections that would present with a rash?

A 
Parovirus
Measles
Chickenpox
Rubella
Non-polio enterovirus infection
Epstein-Barr Virus
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4
Q

List 6 infections that would present with a rash?

A 
Parovirus
Measles
Chickenpox
Rubella
Non-polio enterovirus infection
Epstein-Barr Virus
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5
Q

What specific virus causes measles?

A

paramyxovirus

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6
Q

Is measles an RNA or DNA virus?

A

RNA

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7
Q

Transmission of measles?

A

Person to person via dropely spread

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8
Q

When is measles infective?

A

The person can infect others from the start of the first symptom, which is normally 4 days before the rash appears and then up to 4 days after the rash dissapeared

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9
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

From when the patient is exposed to the virus up until the first sign/symptom appears

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10
Q

What is the incubation period for measles?

A

7-18 days (average=10-12days)

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11
Q

What is a prodrome?

A

An early symptom indicating the onset of a disease or illness

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12
Q

What are the clinical features of measles?

A

Prodrome: Fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, Coryza (inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose) and cough

Rash: erythematous (redness of the skin), maculopapular (when the rash is characterised by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps)
The rash will start near the head and travel down the body

Kopliks spots

Fever

REMEMBER: Rash + fever + 3C (conjunctivitis, cough and coryza)= MEASLES!

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13
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A 
Otitis media- this can cause deafness
Pneumonia
Diarrhoea
Acute encephalitis (rare but fatal)
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis- (very rare, it tends to affect people who have measles under 2. Then around the age of 7 they begin to develop a motor and neurological decline)
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14
Q

What 4 ways can you diagnose measles?

A

Clinically

Leukopenia- check the levels of WBC in the blood

Via a oral fluid sample

Via serology using an oral swab

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15
Q

How do you treat measles?

A

Supportive care and antibiotics for the superinfection

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16
Q

Is MMR a live vaccine?

A

Yes, so you do not give it to the immunocompromised

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17
Q

What type of rash does measles present with?

A

erythematous (redness of the skin)

Maculopapular (when the rash is characterised by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps)

The rash will start near the head and travel down the body

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18
Q

What does Chickenpox, Shingles, Malluscum Contagiosum and Staphylococcal infections all have in common?

A

They cause a specific type of rash.

It is a widespread rash across the whole body that is centripetal (it moves towards a center)

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19
Q

What specific virus causes chickenpox?

A

Varicella Zoster virus

this is a herpes virus

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20
Q

Is chickenpox virus (Varicella Zoster Virus) DNA or RNA based?

A

DNA

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21
Q

What are the Clinical features of chickenpox?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Fever
Malaise
Anorexia
Centripetal rash
Rash goes:
Macular (distinct spots) -> Popular (solid elevation of the skin with a colouring) -> vesicular (fluid-filled sac) -> pustular (small pimple on the skin containing pus)
22
Q

Where in the body does the chickenpox virus hides, and then can later come out as shingles?

Study These Flashcards
A

Dorsal root ganglion

23
Q

What are the Clinical features of chickenpox?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fever
Malaise
Anorexia
Centripetal rash

24
Q

What are the complications of Chickenpox?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pneumonitis

CNS involvement

Thrombocytopenic purpura (a disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding due to low levels of platelets?

Foetal varicella syndrome (rare disorder in which affected infants have distinctive abnormalities at birth due to mothers infection with chickenpox during early pregnancy)

Congenital varicella

Zoster (another name for shingles)

25
How do you treat chickenpox?
Symptomatically | Acicloviral- this is normally given orally but can be given IV in severe cases, or to neonates
26
Is chickenpox a live vaccine, and when should it (the VZ immunoglobulin vaccine) be given?
Yes It is given in 2 doses Given if: There is significant exposure The px has a clinical condition that increased the risk of severe varicella (e.g. immunosuppressed, neonates) Because there are no antibodies to the VZ virus so immunoglobulins do not prevent the infection, it only reduces the severity
27
German measles is another name for.....
Rubella
28
What virus causes Rubella?
Togavirus- it is a RNA virus
29
Rubella: Transmission? Incubation period? Infectivity?
Transmission: droplet spread- it is air borne Incubation period: 14-21 days Infectivity: one week before the rash to 4 days after the rash disappears
30
What are the clinical features of Rubella?
Prodrome: non-specific Lymphadenopathy (a disease affecting the lymph nodes)- it is post auricular (behind auricle of ear) and sub occipital ``` Rash: Transient Erythematous (Redness) Behind the ears face and neck Rash starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body ``` Aching joints is common in young female patients
31
Complications of Rubella?
Thrombocytopenia (deficiency of platelets in the blood) Post infectious encephalitis Arthritis
32
Parovirus B19: Transmission? Incubation period? Problem with pregnancy?
By respiratory secretion OR mother-child (important to know that once you get the 'slapped cheek' rash, you are no longr infectious Incubation period: 4-14 days Pregnancy: However, it does have implications in PREGNANCY. It has an association with a low risk of miscarriage. It can also cause foetal hydrops- this is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in 2 or more foetal compartments (such as lung oedema or pleural effusion). It can also cause foetal anaemia
33
Is parovirus B19 a DNA or RNA virus?
DNA
34
Treatment for Parovirus B19?
None if it is only self limiting Blood transfusion No vaccine available Infection control
35
Clinical features of Parovirus B19?
Parovirus tends to peak in the late spring and early summer. Minor respiratory illness Rash: ‘slapped cheek’ Arthralgia (pain in joints) Aplastic anaemia (deficient of all types of blood cell, caused by failure of bone marrow development) Anaemia in the immunosuppressed
36
Treatment for Parovirus B19?
None if it is only self limiting Blood transfusion No vaccine available
37
Enterovirus: Transmission? Type of rash?
Faecal - oral route or skin contact Rash: bit like chickenpox in the fact that you get a vesicular rash, but rather than crusting this rash just fades into the skin. Enterovirus is a benign and self-limiting disease
38
What type of virus causes Respiratory syncytial virus?
Pneumovirus
39
What lung condition does Respiratory syncytial virus cause?
Bronchiolitis
40
Respiratory syncytial virus: Incubation period? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Incubation period: 4-6 daay Diagnosis: PCR on secretions from nasopharyngeal aspirate Treatment: Give O2 manage fever and manage fluid intake. Previously used treatments such as bronchodilators/steroid are no longer recommended. Immunosuppressed and premature babies are vulnerable to RSV – these can be given Palivizumab, which are immunoglobulin and monoclonal antibodies.
41
What type of virus is a metapneumovirus and what does it cause?
Paramyxovirus • It causes respiratory illness similar to RSV: runny nose, sore throat, headache and fever. Its severity can range from a mild upper respiratory tract infection to pneumonia
42
What can adenovirus cause?
Mild UTI Conjunctivitis Diarrhoea
43
What type of virus causes parainfleunza?
Paramyxovirus
44
What virus causes Rotavirus? ``` Transmission? Incubation period? Clinical features? Diagnosis? Treatment? Prevention? ```
Reovirus- this is a RNA virus Transmission: faecal-Oral route (or occasionaly respiratory) Incubation period:1-2 days Clinical features: Diarrhoea and vomiting Diagnosis: PCR Treatment: REHYDRATION Prevention: There is an oral live vaccine known as Rotarix- it is given at 2-3 months
45
Rhinovirus is a member of which virus family? | What is rhinoviruses commonly known as?
picornaviridae Common cold
46
What virus causes Rotavirus? ``` Transmission? Incubation period? Clinical features? Diagnosis? Treatment? Prevention? ```
Reovirus- this is a RNA virus Transmission: faecal-Oral route (or occasionaly respiratory) Incubation period:1-2 days Clinical features: Diarrhoea and vomiting Diagnosis: PCR Treatment: REHYDRATION Prevention: There is an oral live vaccine known as
47
How is norovirus transmissed, what is its diagnosis, and what is the treatment?
Transmission: it lives in food and is spread person- person Diagnosis: PCR Treatment: Rehydration
48
What virus causes mumps?
The paramyxocciridae family
49
``` MUMPS: Transmission? Infectivity? Incubation? Clinical presentation? ```
Transmission: Direct contact Droplet spread Via fomies (objects which are likely to carry infection) Infectivity: several days before parotid swelling, to several days afterwards Indubation: 2-4 weeks (mostly 16-18 days) Clinical presentation: Prodrome: nonspecific. E.g. low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise and headache Next 24 hours= earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid Next 2-3 days= gradually enlarging parotid with severe pain Normally bilateral but can be unilateral Pyrexia (fever)
50
What investigations do you need to do to diagnose MUMPS?
Normal White cell count tests Test for raised serum amylase (either salivary or pancreatic) However, it is normally clinically diagnosed Serology to test for IgM in blood or saliva (not that reliable- there can be false positives and false negatives) PCR can be used
51
What is cytomegalovirus?
An infection that causes non-specific illness. It does not cause a rash Important to spot in pregnancy as it can cause: Growth retardation Deafness Blindness
52
Clinical signs of Toxoplasma?
Chorioretinitis (inflammation of the choroid and retina of the eye) Hydrocephaly

Clinical Pathology (3 decks)

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