Children's speech

Question 1

What did Guenther (2016) say about the neurology if children’s speech?

Answer 1

• production of speech requires diverse information sources to generate intricate pattern of muscle movement for fluency
• sources include auditory, somatosensory, and motor representations
• a large portion of the cerebral cortex is involves in the simplest speech talk

Question 2

What is the DIVA model?

Answer 2

• directions into velocities of articulators
• new speech sounds are learnt by first storing an auditory target for the sound, then using autitory feedback control systems to control productions of a sound in early repititions
• repeated production of that sound leads to tuning of feed forward commands which eventually surplants feedback based control systems

Question 3

Define articulation

Answer 3

The physiological movements modifying airflow to produce speech sounds, using the vocal tract above the larynx

Question 4

Define phonetics

Answer 4

a branch of linguistics that focuses on production and classification of the world’s speech sounds

Question 5

Define phonology

Answer 5

concerns speech-sound systems of languages, how meaning is contrasted and how phonemes may be sequences to form words

Question 6

Define morphology

Answer 6

the study of internal structure of words and how they can be analysed into elements

Question 7

Define perception

Answer 7

includes discrimination from environmental sounds and perception of known phonemes from not known and phonetic variations

Question 8

Define discrimination

Answer 8

happens at different levels: sound, syllable, word, and from close phonological forms and withing multisyllabic words

Question 9

What are Shribergs early middle and late 8?

Answer 9

Age 2;0-3;11
/p/. /b/, /m/, /d/, /n/, /h/, /w/, /j/

Age 4;0-4;11
/t/, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /f/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/, /v/

Age 5;0-6;11
/l/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ˈð/, /θ/, /ɹ/

Question 10

What were McLeod and Crowe (2018)’s updated ages for phonemes?

Answer 10

Age 2;0-3;11
/p/. /b/, /m/, /d/, /n/, /h/, /w/, /j/, /t/, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /f/

Age 4;0-4;11
/dʒ/, /tʃ/, /v/,/l/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/

Age 5;0-6;11
/ʒ/, /ˈð/, /θ/, /ɹ/

Question 11

Define delay

Answer 11

• child demonstrating typical developmental processes but beyond the age at which they would usually be expected
• typical patterns are usually seen in fewer than 90% of peers

Question 12

Define disorder

Answer 12

• child demonstrating atypical patterns of development
• disorder patterns seen in fewer than 10% of children at any age

Question 13

What were Morgan et al’s (2017) findings?

Answer 13

• 164/1494 4yos had speech errors
• 93 followed up at age 7
  -56 had delay: 39 resolved, 17 persistent
• 37 had disorder: 15 resolved, 22 persistent

Question 14

How is a differential diagnosis conducted?

Answer 14

• apply a systematic approach to assessment and analysis
• know what is typical for the age and language context of the child
  -analyse the data collected

Question 15

How many children have SSD?

Answer 15

3.5-5% of 4yos

Question 16

What are the long term impacts of SSD?

Answer 16

• difficulty with recall/calculation
• difficulty with language, literacy, mathematical thinking and approaches to learning
• less independent
  -more frustration
• withdrawal and social problems
• bullying
• decreased school enjoyment and connection
• increased remedial assistance
• occupational differences
• harrassment

Question 17

What are red flags for SSDs?

Answer 17

• failure or late onset of cannonical babbling
• otitis media with effusion between 12 & 18 mo
• glottal replacement
• initial consonant deletion
• small phonetic inventory
• inventory constraints
• backing
• vowel errors
• persisting FCD
• critical age hypothesis

Question 18

What are early childhood predictors of risk for SSDs?

Answer 18

• weak sucking at 4wks
  -not often combining words at 4mos
• limited use of morphology at 38 mo
• unintelligible to strangers at 38 mo

Question 19

What are school age predictors of SSDs?

Answer 19

• maternal report of difficulty reporting certain sounds and hearing impairment by age 7
  -tympanostomy insertion at any age up to 8
• history of coordination problems

Question 20

What are Harrison and McLeod’s (2010) risk and protective child factors?

Answer 20

• male (risk)
• ongoing hearing problems (risk)
• ongoing ear infections (risk)
• being breastfed (protective)
• temperament: perstistance (protective), reactivity (risk)

Question 21

What are Harrison and McLeod’s (2010) risk and protective parent facctors?

Answer 21

• maternal wellbeing (protective)
• parents speaking other languages (protective)

Question 22

What are Harrison and McLeod’s (2010) risk and protective family factors?

Answer 22

• presence of older sibling (protective/risk)

Question 23

What are the types of SSD?

Answer 23

phonology
- phonological impairment
- inconsistent speech
motor speech
- articulation impairment
- CAS
- childhood dysarthria

Question 24

Define phonological impairment

Answer 24

A cognitive linguistic difficulty with learning the phonological system of a language characterised by pattern based errors

Question 25

Define inconsistent speech disorder

Answer 25

A phonological assembly difficulty without accompanying oromotor difficulties, characterised by inconsistent production of the same lexical items

Question 26

Define articulation impairment

Answer 26

A motor speech difficulty involving the physical production of speech characterised by speech errors typically involving the distortion of sibilants and rhotics

Question 27

Define CAS

Answer 27

A motor speech disorder involving difficulty planning and programming movement sequences resulting ion errors in speech sound production and prosody

Question 28

Define childhood dysarthria

Answer 28

A motor speech disorder involving difficulty with the sensotimotor control processes involved in speech production

Question 29

What is the cause of SSD (Luders et al., 2017)?

Answer 29

- heterogenicity - multifactoral genetic and environmental factors agreed - specific aetiology unknown

Question 30

Define articulation

Answer 30

how sounds are physically produced (respiration, phonation, resonance)

Question 31

Define articulation disorder

Answer 31

-difficulties with the motor processes that result in speech

Question 32

Define phonology

Answer 32

-how sounds are put together to form words - how sounds contrast and convey meaning

Question 33

Define phonological disorder

Answer 33

-difficulties with the systems and patterns of phoneme usage - disorder of the speech sound function

Question 33

What unusual patterns of error may be seen in phonological disorders?

Answer 33

- the persistence of a process beyond expected age range - backing - predominance of one sound - sound substitutions not following typical patterns - the emergence of 'later' developing sounds before 'earlier' developing sounds

Question 34

What is independent analysis?

Answer 34

- independent of the adult form - what sounds did they attempt - what sounds are they using - what is their phonetic inventory

Question 35

What is rational analysis?

Answer 35

in relation or comparison to the adult form - what sounds are omitted - what sounds are changed and how - what phonemes do they have productive phonological knowledge of

Question 36

What data is needed for SSD assessment?

Answer 36

- 50 common words in their vocab - two-word phrases or two syllable words - can they copy any sounds they are missing - tone, volume, prosody - connected speech sample - analyse the data: which are articulatory and which are phonological - is more evidence and analysis needed