China Flashcards

Question

Role of GMD in war

Answer 1

1941- GMD unpatriotic as killed 10,000 in attempts to attack CCP Ichigo offensive- Chiang Kai Shek did not commit- hoped for US GMD suffered from heavy bombing Chongqing bombed 268 times Half of peasants income taxed- new currency 1937 led to high inflation

Answer 2

By 1945- 1.2 million members and army of 880,000 Stopped foot binding, sale of women and set up women's associations From 1935 main slogan- 'Chinese do not fight with Chinese' Interest free loans and rent controls for peasants- so they provided food and shelter 1940- 400,000 troops destroy 1,000 km of railways 1945- CCP controled 95 million people across 300,000 square miles

Answer 3

GMD and CCP distrust- trying to kill each other Japanese retreated, GMD + CCP rushed to control territory- USA airlifted 80,000 GMD troops to take control of cities USA negotiations- Aug 1945- Chongqing- Mao + Chiang Kai Shek talks failed General Marshall Dec 1945- to restore peace July 1946- full scale war

Answer 4

GMD established control of Manchurai + drove CCP out of Yanan in Mar 1947 May 1947- Lin Biao (Buns) open attack on GMD, beat them back Nov 1948- control of Manchuria - GMD refusal to retreat meant 500,000 troops dead Huai-Hai offensive PLA took Beijing Jan 1949- complete control of Northern China in 4 months USA ended funding- over 3bn given By Oct 1949, Mao declared creation of PRC

Answer 5

To stop PLA southern advance, Chiang Kai Shek put 800,000 men in Xuzhou NRA deserters/prisoners were used- 1m manpower Surrounding area scorched earth policy by CCP- PLA used loudhailers to announce NRA deserters would be given food and fair treatment Jan 1949- Massive infantry assualt- 500,000 NRA men dead or taken

Answer 6

Mao, Lin Biao (Buns)= good leadership Varied tactics peasants= many troops = 4 million men by 1945 few disputes in CCP Focus on peasants- 1m landlords murdered 1945-1949 to give peasants land

Answer 7

Set up Mao, Jiang (his wife) and Lin Biao May 1966 - Propoganda calss of students to join - whipped class enemies with leather belt and wore red armband Bejing unis shut for 6 months to rewrite curriculum and commit to red guard Millions from high class and violent low class familes ie GMD parents - who wanted to prove themselves

Answer 8

Aug-Nov 1966 - 8 mass rallies in Tiananmen Square in Bejing 12m attended Four Olds - Attack of old customs, culture, habits and ideas Aug 1966 - Mao calls on red guards to bomard the headquaters - attacking politics

Answer 9

Propoganda describing him as amzing - posters, statues, speeches Badges of Mao had to stop being produced 1969 as they were using up all China's aluminum supplies Red Guard and PLA = Little red book 750m distributed during cultural rev

Answer 10

Eztreme violence in struggle sessions (beatings) Purge of CCP: -Liu and Deng announced capitalist roaders in Oct 1966 -Liu Shaoqui = no 1 enemy = arrested 1957 1969 - 70% of regional party officials and 60% of leading national party members sent to Laogai caomps

Answer 11

By end of 1966, all schools and unis closed 1st targets of red guards - teachers and lecturers - humiliated wearing dunce's caps and laogai camps 1967 - British embassy stored by Red guards, anyone wearing western styles were forced to save their heads and wear simple military uniform Religion attacked - Confucian temples attacked, Xinjiang mosques defiled used as slaughterhouses, Buddhist statues torn down Family - children taught to look to Mao and CCP for guidance Books/Artworks - traditional and wealthy replaced (4 olds) Experts and managers beaten and removed from jobs

Answer 12

3m men- US equipment and planes BUT weak Fu Zuoyi-poor leader Head of war planning board = CCP spy 1.5m desertions favoured elite army= 80% government expenditure

Answer 13

Mao Zedong thought 1954- new constitution + national people's congress 1949- 4.5m CCP, 1953 6.5m Politburo- 20 men 1953- 100,000 bandits killed 65,000 GMD sympathisers killed in Guangzhou

Answer 14

Female infanticide- 10% 1949 Mao = equality

Answer 15

Need for constant class struggle 1951- campaign to make middle class like pesants and workers 3,000 professors made to renounce capitalism publicly laogai camps = re-education, 2% of urban population sentenced to death

Answer 16

Dec 1951- attack against corruption of beauraucrats 200,000 arrested (3) Jan 1952- against bribery, fraud of businessmen rallies where citizens denounced officials, accused sent to laogai camps 3m suicides from fear and shame 1953- 2m in camps

Answer 17

feb 1957- Mao encouraged free speech and critisisms of CCP, he ended this abruptly June 1957 Problems- strikes 1956 because of lack of resources Mao thinks CCP = priveliged elite rise of Krushchev = new communism? suspicious- Mao tricking opponents to reveal themselves

Answer 18

feb 1957 radical writers attacked corruption March-June 1957 lecturers and students= rallies, posters= Mao out

Answer 19

June 1957 Mao announced campaign was to reveal enemies of CCP 500,000 critics sent to laogai camps Zhou Enlai= scapegoat 5-10% top officials punished in CCP

Answer 20

1953- electoral law- women given equal voting rights 1949- All China Women's Federation = women participate in politics 1953- 12% of NPC deputies women 1950 marriage law = more equal rights 1949- 29% of women in workforce Literacy over 90% in 1960s 250,000 barefoot doctors provide help to rural communities

Answer 21

1950- agriarian reform law confiscated land from landlords and enemies of state 1m landlords executed 1950-1952 in struggle meetings in people's courts 40% land redistributed 1951-1953: mutual aid teams of 10 households, 40% of pesants joined 1953-55: agricultural producers cooperatives where pesants were paid for sharing resources 1955-57: advanced APCs mean record harvest 1956, 90% pesants joined 1957

Answer 22

1958- communes = compulsory 1958- 700m (90% pop) belonged to 1 of 26,000 communes

Answer 23

food production 1949 25% lower than 1930s Mao= communist system for efficiency

Answer 24

inflation of 1000% 1949-51- heavy industry + railways nationalised 1951- new currency so inflation to 50% 6,000 km of new railway, coal doubled 13, 000 Chinese students to USSR for technical training

Answer 25

All companies= state owned enterprises 90m pesants use 600,000 small backyard furnaces to produce 11m tons of steel 1958-9 (low quality and could not be used) 1960- Mao = self-reliance so Krushchev removed 10,000 advisors 250,000 state businesses closed- 8.5m urban workers lost jobs 1959-62 heavy industry output fell 55%

Answer 26

Communes disaster so famine 1958-62 grain production 200m tons 1958 to 144m 1960 50m died pesants had no incentive to work hard soviet scientist Lysenk had stupid ideas 1959 Lushan CCP conference- no-one complained so Mao never found out 1957 pests eradicated causing more caterpillars to ruin crops

Answer 27

1959- Mao withdraws from president of PRC for Liu Shaoqi 1962 - better strain of rice developed by experts who had been reintroduced (Mao saw Liu+Den as 'capitalist roaders') 1960- new STEM schools 1962- 15-20% land converted to private ownership, 1966 grain production 240m tons 1962-65 industry up 11% a year as small inefficient factories shut

Answer 28

Mao was angered by Liu who failed to implement his ideas from 1962 Lin Baio head of PLA produced Little Red Book 1965 given to 4m soldiers May 1966 - this was opposed by Mao's central cultural revolution group after Wu Han play Mao signalled return in Jul 1966 when he swan 15km of the Yangtze at 73

Answer 29

Jan 1967- red guards in Shanghai replace CCP government with commune Violence creating anarchy

Answer 30

1967- Schools reopened so Red Guard back to school - PLA tried to impose order by entering local governments controlled by Red Guard August 1968- 'up to the mountains and down to the villages'- Red Guard to country for true revolutionary experience 1968-76- 17m young people to country

Answer 31

1966-8- 50% urban population persecuted and 1-2m people killed 1969- CCP party congress= Mao as guiding ideaology Mao paranoid so attacked Lin Baio in 1971 after it was believed he organised project 571 to assassinate Mao Lin tried to flee but his plane crashed

Answer 32

Education of 130m young people disrupted in Lost Generation By 1982 only 1% had degree Doctors = bourgouise so quality of healthcare declined No films, plays produced 1966-71= censorship Steel 15m -11m tons 1966-70

Answer 33

Gang of 4- Jiang Qing, Zhang Chungqiao, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan Wanted Mao- thought, supported by CCP youth and press and radio Zhou and Deng 1972-73 Zhou= 700 CCP returned after cultural Deng Xiaoping reinstated and head of PLA 1975 4 Modernisations to industry, farming, defence and science Supported by CCP and PLA

Answer 34

Jan 1976- Zhou Enlai DEAD Violence at funeral as opposing factions fought Gang of 4 blames Deng who was removed from gov in Apr Hua Guofeng= New premiere of PRC allowing Gang of 4 greater influence September 1976- Gang of 4 propaganda campaign for power after Mao's death

Answer 35

Oct 1976- Gang of 4 imprisoned by PLA who supported Deng 1976-78- Deng control and deputy prime minister 1977 1980-81- Gang of 4 on trial and foung guilty

Answer 36

1976- Adult literary schemes Number of barefoot docters from 250,000 1965 to 1m 1970 1976- 85% pop can access doctor Life expectancy from 36 1949 to 66 1976 Grain output reached 1957 in 1979 Industry reached 1965 levels by 1971

Answer 37

Tension due to Stalin's removal of 2bn worth of machinery from Manchuria 1945 But allies as only communist countries 1950 Treaty of Friendship- alliance and mutual assistance provided 300m loan and 10,000 industrial experts in return for economic concessions and mining rights Costly Korean war- 1m Chinese died, had to pay for military equipment, scarce resources away from domestic economy

Answer 38

Krushchev in 1954 visit to China offered better trade deal and gave up economic concessions and gave help in China's nuclear program

Answer 39

Mao angered by Krushchev turning against Stalin's policies 1958- china accussed USSR of using advisors as spies 1959- Krushchev says GLF = backwards and foolish By 1960- economic support and 10,000 advisors withdrawn from China, 200 projects cancelled Had to find allies elsewhere so provided 2bn in loans to African nations

Answer 40

Peng Dehuai, who had just returned from visit to Moscow, complains about GLF at CCP conference in 1959- Mao believed Peng and Krushchev were plotting to remove him and repress Peng 1958- Krushchev proposed Sino-Soviet naval action in Pacific- Mao thought this was an attempt to control Chinese military 1961- Krushchev denounced Mao as 'Asian Hitler' 1964- China A-bomb, 1967 H-bomb

Answer 41

Capitalist roaders in China attacked as Chinese Krushchevs from 1964 1967- Red Guard rename Soviet Embassy street as struggle against revisionism street 1968- Brehzenez doctrine justified possible attack on China 1969- Lin Baio said Soviet leaders were social facists

Answer 42

1964-69- 4,000 incidents across the border and USSR increased border army from 12 to 25 divisions 1969- Mao= limited attack on Manchurian border, killing 60 Russians USSR responded with large scale missile attack, killing 800 Chinese By 1970, tensions down- ambassadors reinstated and trade reopened

Answer 43

Mao saw USSR as biggest danger to China Focused on domestic communism to allow survival Nixon and China dentente

Answer 44

Hard line communist in politics but not economics CCP statement 1981 - 70% Mao's policy right, 30% wrong 1)Socialist Road 2)Upholding dictatorship 3)Upholding CCP leadership 4)Upholding Marxism, Leninism and Mao Zedong thought

Answer 45

From 1978 'Black and white cats' GDP grew from 733m yuan to 1787m from 1979-89

Answer 46

1950's SOE's maintained but experts in charge and state subsidies cut PLA reduced by 1m soldiers to 3.5m in 1990

Answer 47

Modelled on Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea practices Privately owned, lower taxes, foreign investment 1978-89 foreign investment quadrupled and exports up 500%

Answer 48

Town and village enterprises 1990 - 100m employed in them SVE's of domestic market

Answer 49

Consumer goods much more available Unemployment rising to 12% by 1983 Only 1/5th of workers covered by insurance system SOE's 1990

Answer 50

Xiang - village administration rented out land to farmers on 15 year lease - farmers provided set quota to state but could sell rest - 44,000 markets across China

Answer 51

1984 98% farming families in household responsibility system Income of agricultural workers x3 1977-83 Grain 305m tonnes to 408m 1978-89 Inefficent methods as only held land on lease

Answer 52

Western influences in and Chinese influences out 1976 no tourism, 1985 1.4m tourists Western goods available, foreign leaders and TV seen Foreign investment in SEZ's Some critisism as younger gen was being corrupted with capitalism

Answer 53

Goal: educate 1m technical students 1978 tough entrance exams for unis and research centres reopened Elite schools Study abroad to bring ideas back

Answer 54

1949 600m pop, 970m 1979 Projected pop of 2-3bn by mid 21st century - very unsustainable

Answer 55

Corruption meant anger with students 1970's - students used wall on avenue of eternal peace to pin big character posters, letters Initially supported by Deng as they supported him Then they began to critise: 1978 Jingsheng, former red guard, posted fifth modernisation (democracy) - students called for change

Answer 56

Sporadic student demonstrations crushed Corruption, failure to introduce 5th modernisation Low graduate jobs (and reserved for CCP members) 1986 - Fang Lizhi incites demonstrations in Hefei, Wuhan, Shanghai Hardliners repressed demonstrations Hu removed as general secretary of CCP 1987 Deng - 'China was too big, divided, uneducated for democracy'

Answer 57

Hu Yaobang dead April 1989 - v. popular 50,000 students to funeral Attempted to give Li Peng petition for democracy, he refused to accept it Triggered sit in Tiananmen Square from 40 unis Allowed to travel to Bejing for free

Answer 58

1979 one child policy, min age for marriage 20 women, 22 men One child familes given coupons, allowances, priority to schools, homes, land, healthcare Voluntary sterilisation rewarded with cash and holidays Couples had to get state permit to have child. Struggle sessions denounced multi child families Abortions and sterilisation imposed of women with 1 child already

Answer 59

Slowed growth 1989: 1.12bn pop Female infanticide up - 1985 114 boys born for every 100 girls Rural families hard to control

Answer 60

People's Daily denounced protesters - 300 students retaliated with hunger strike Complicated by arrival of Gorbachev Zhao Ziyang CCP general secretary begged protesters to leave to avoid brutality Over 1m people in the square PLA 350,000 brought in June - 10,000 protesters killed, some long prison sentences

China Flashcards

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