China Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
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Manchu/Qing Dynasty
A
- Ruled by an emperor
- Mandate of heaven
- Han formed 90% of the population byut the Manchu ruled
- Mandarins
- Arranged marriages
- Emperor began to lose the Mandate of Heaven
- Britian gained great wealth as a reult of the opium trade and victory in the opium wars
- Japan defeated China in war in 1894
- France seized territory in the south
2
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Internal weaknesses
A
- Women had the least rights and were considered as property
- Most of population were peasants and had few rights
- Hatred of Manchus
- Undeveloped
- Mandarins did not grow in size
- Tax collection was difficult and corrupt
- Doubled population
- Everyone was addicted to opium
- Sino-centric
3
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Foreign threats
A
- Britain had gained great wealth as a result of the opium trade and victory in opium wars
- Japan had defeated China in war in 1894 and took control of Korea
- France had seized territory in the South
- Western demands to open trades
- Britain sold opium because they were spending too much on tea
- America sought to have China s an open marker
4
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Domestic rebellions
A
- People chopping off their pig tails
- Taiping Rebellion 1850-64
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Q
A
- Opium wars led to Treaty of Nanjing and Treaty of Tianjin - $21m in compensation - Trade restrictions - Loss of land
- ‘Unequal Treaties’ with Western powers
- 50 ‘Treaty ports’
- ‘Concessions’ in major cities
- THe opium wars shattered China’s sense of its superiority - forced to accept it was militarily weaker than Western
- Many Chinese blamed the Manchu rulers - a foreign dynasty
- Opium wars bring christianity
6
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Emperor Guangxu
A
- In 1898 - tried to modernize the government and end the criticisms of the Qing and its policy of making concessions to foreigners
- ‘Hundred Days Reform’ - new policy after the defeat to the Japanese in the First Sino-Japanese War - policy of ‘reform and self-strengthening’
- Over three months, they amde China into a constitutional monarchy - created elected assemblies, modernized the education system
- His aunt, Cixi and her conservative backers thwarted his attempts
7
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Empress Dowager Cixi
A
- Cixi and her supporters seized control of the government and ended the Emperor’s attempted reforms
- Put the Emperor under house arrest and executed six of the reformers
- Encouraged attacks on foreigners
- Supported the boxers and declared war on the foreigners
- Disguised themselves as peasants and fled BEijing once the Rebellion had failed
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Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Boxers
A
- Martial arts
- Anti christian and anti foreign
- Sereies of humiliations Qing suffered
- Reperations
- Peasants blamed west for famine and flood
9
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Boxer Rebellion 1900
A
- Boxers began carrying out attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christians
- Mostly peasants who had suffered from hnatural disasters and believed concessions given to forreigners made their lives even harder
- Boxers attacked missionaries, burned down churches and schools
- Western population retreated into the British legation
- Boxers had support of Cixi
- Many Boxers were executed in the streets by international forces
10
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Impact of the Boxer Rebellion
A
- China was forced to pay $330m
- Banned from importing firearms for 2 years
- Fall of Qing Dynasty
- Foreign soldiers placed in and around Beijing
11
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
Mandate of heaven
A
- China believed that an emperor had to be an exceptional being
- The emperor was also not invulnerable
- His actions had to be moderated by basic political expectations
- Hecould be overthrown and this would be considered legit
- If such thing occured, the emperor would be understood to have lost the ‘mandate of heaven’
12
Q
Manchu/Qing Dynasty
1902 - 11 Reforms
A
- Introduction of provincial assemblies with a limited right to vote
- Establishment of a new army under Manchus
- Establishment of a national consultative council to be a cabinet with responsibility to advise the government
- Abolition of foot binding
- Reform of civil sevice - removal of the traditional examination that led to a Mandarin domination of the civil service
- Nationalisation of the railways
- Educational reforms
13
Q
1911 Reovlution
Causes of the 1911 Revolution
A
Short term:
- Weak government - New emperor was just 2 years old
- Failure of the political reforms - reforms introduced were too little and too late
- Consequences of the army reform - was expesive so Chun increaseed taxes on tea, wine, salt, and land - also the taxed that had to be paid for the reparations owed
- Spread of revolutionary ideas - Sun Yat-sen brought ideas of nationalism and republicanism back to China
- Growing resentment over nationalisation of railways - Increased Mnahcu control in the provinces and the owners were angry they did not receive full compensation for giving up ownership
Long term:
- Boxer rebellion - kills economy
- Opium wars - kills economy
- Manchu vs Han
- Sino-centric
14
Q
1911 Reovlution
1911 Revolution
A
- A group of young revolutionaries in Hankou exploded a bomb providing a signal for a wider revolt
- Soldiers in Wuhan began a mutiny which spread to other provinces until all but three provinces south of Beijing were in revolt
- Han soldiers revolted against Manchu contreol and massacred Manchu troops
- Found leader in Yuan Shikai - He agreed to put down the rebellion but when he reached Wuhan, he switched sides to support the rebels
15
Q
1911 Reovlution
Failure and successes of 1911 Revolution
A
Failure:
- No end to foreign interference
- Yuan Shikai seizes power (emperor dreams)
- Rise of warlords - no strong central government
- Not a democratic republic
- Split China
- Chinese people still suffered
Success:
- Qing removed
- Republic?
16
Q
China 1912-1916 after revolution
China 1912-1916 after revolution
A
- Yuan returned to Beijhing to set up a Han government and offered Sun position of president
- Yuan persuaded Sun to step down and alow him to be president
- Yuan ruled China as a dictator, even tried to make himself emperor
- Sun’s new party the GMD didn’t like the rejection of democracy
- Yuan accepted the 21 demands from Japan allowing Japan to control Chinese railways, ports, and factories
- Army revolted against Yuan
- After Yuan’s death, central government collapsed - the Beiyan government continued in Beijing but was not representative and exerted no national control
- Army itself broke apart its regiments or divisions falling under the control of powerful provincial leaders known as warlords
- Hundreds of warlords with different ideas and styles of ruling
- Caused great suffering for many Chinese people - increasing amount of Chinese people turned to revolutionary ideas
17
Q
Warlord era
Warlord era
A
- Looted or extorted froim Chinese to pay soldiers
- Most common goal shared by warlords was to make themselves rich
- Warlords printed excesive amounts of paper money to fund their armies leading to inflation
- Many warlords also revived the trade in opium
- Many suffered under the warlords than they had under Qing
- Sun was planning to end warlordism
18
Q
Changes
A
China in 1900 under the Qing:
- Emperor
- Authoritarian
- Undemocratic
- Quality of life bad for peasants, goof for Mandarins
- Huge debt
- Money goes to the rich
- Treaty ports
- Concessions
- Failed reforms
China under Yuan in 1912:
- President
- Republic
- Democratic?
- Quality of life bad for peasants and Manchus
- Loan from Japan to army
- Poor revolution
- Japan 21 demands
- Treaty ports
- Concessions
- End of Qing
- No reforms
China under warolords 1926:
- Totalitarian
- Violent
- Non centralised
- Suffering for peasants (looting, banditing)
- Inflation
- Tax
- Theft/looting
- Treaty ports
- Concessions
- Some reforms depending on warlord
19
Q
Nationalism in China
The New Culture Movement aka ‘New Pride’
A
- No control/powerful government
- Foreign intervention/influence
- Poverty
- Loss of Chinese power
Message to Chinese:
- Rise up/its time to change
- Revolution
- Look to the future/Don’t look back - Qing dynasty, imperialism, Confuscious
- China needs to adapt
Groups to forget:
- Students and scholars
- Uni students
- Target the youth who they think can change China
20
Q
Nationalism in China
May the 4th Movement 1919
A
- Treaty of Versailles
- After WW1 German territories were given to Japanese for fear that they may retaliate
- Protests caused by anger at thew terms
Consequences:
- Huge protests
- Feeling of national humiliation
- Spread of ideas of the New Culture movement beyond just students
- General strikes and a boycott of Japanese goods
- For many, a loss of faith in the West and its institutions
- Split in the New CUlture MOvement: hostility to the WEst and slight power to the west
- Hu Shin believes CHina should modfel itself on the West
- Other side believes China should find a new system of government
21
Q
Nationalism in China
The New CUlture Movement Split
A
Russia Pons:
The ideas of the west have let us down, we must look elsewhere
West Pons:
- We must continue a our path to be life to liberal democracies of the west
22
Q
Nationalism in China
Sun Yatsen’s ‘Three People’s principles’
A
- National freedom - to remove foreigners and rto restore CHina’s nationalism
- The democracy principle- The CHiense people to contorl their own government through elections
- People’s welfare - to solve the problem of poverty in China by developing government owned industries and protecting native industry from foreign powers
- Both Mao and Chiang followed 3 principles
23
Q
Nationalism in China
Why was the 3 pricniples favourable to both/
A
Left:
- Anti-imperialists agianst the West
- Government owned industries
- Majoritiy of people in middle like democracy
- Rigged voting
Right:
- Xenophobic to foreigners
- Protect native industry
- Majoritiy of people in middle like democracy
- Rigged voting
24
Q
Nationalism in China
Guomindang GMD
A
- Founded in 1919 by Sun Yatsen
- Set up Guangzhou as the government of China in opposition to the Beiyang
- Hold supporters and members from all across the political spectrum
What did Sun need?:
- Recognition - the USSR backed the GMD after Western powers did not
- Soldiers - The Whampoa military academy was established in 1924
- Weapons - Mikhail Baroding, member of the Soviet government acquired weapons for the NRA
Why did USSR work with GMD?:
- Sun’s three principles could be seen as communist
- Sun was popular
- There was no strongly established Communist party in China
- It gave the Soviets and influence in China
Chiang Kai Shek:
- FOunder member of nationalist movement
- Head of Whampoa Military academyt
- Commander of NRA
- Became leader of GMD on Sun’s death in 1925
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# Nationalism in China
CCP
- Founded in 1921 by CHen DUxiu
- Founded with help from the Communist Party of the USSr
- Established friendly relations with the GMD in the hope to eventually control them
Why CCP worked with GMD:
- CCP was too small to achieve revolution - 50 members
- Soviet communists believed conditions in China were not ready for revolution
- The GMD's 3 principles were similar to communist ideas
Mao Zedong:
- FOunder member of CCp
- Party secretary in Hunan province
- Elected to CCP party commitee in 1923
- Believed in the need for a revolution
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# Nationalism in China
How did the USSR influence China in the 1920
- Stopping revolution in China
27
# Nationalism in China
CCP strengthening the GMD
- No conflict (more training in military academy)
- Got GDP and CCP together
-
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# First United Front
THe Northern Expedition 1926-28
- Directed against the warlords
- Stategy to sorrond each warlords army and cut off supply lines
- NRA help with Galen (soviet military advisor)
- Won support of local peasants for the United Front
- Chiang was suspicous of the COmmunists before the expedition began
- Communiusts organised a general strike and uprisings
- Chiang arranged to destory communism
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The Shanghai Massacres 1927
- GMD were able to take control of Shanghai because of its COmmunists who built a strong trade union
- Chiang turned on the COmmunists - supported by industrialists and traders who opposed trade unions - supported by foreigners who feared they would lose their economic interests
- Began frenzy of killing 'white terror' - supported by gangs - 5000 communists killed - spread to other regions like Hunan
Autumn Harvest Uprising:
- Mao and communists staged uprising
- Army was too small to take on the NRA
- Forced to flee to the mountains of Jiangxi
- Set up Chinese Soviet Republic
- Spent 7 years in a struggle to survive
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Extermination campaigns 1930-34
- First extermination was launched in Oct 1930 with 44,000 ZNRA troops to Jiangxi - Failure - laid traps
- Another in July 1931, Chiang's troops met with opposition from peasants
- In 1933, the Nationalists established a blockade around the Soviets - builkt 11,000km of roads - scorched earth policy
31
# Long march
The Long March
- 80,000 communists began crossing the Gan riveer towards Guangxi planned by Zhou Enlai
- Zhou entered into negotiations with the warlord governor of GUandong and agreed a non aggression pact and provision of supplies - shows fragility of Chiang's control
- Chiang tried to stop the communists in Xiang River - Changed direction and moved to the west to Guizhou instead of linking up with Communists in Hunan
- Wu river was crossed with rafs and captured the city of Zunyi - Zunyi conference held - Mao appointed a full member of the politburo and de facto leader
- Under Mao they went far south and then turned north to cross the upper Yangtze
- Crossing of Dadu River was the most well konwn part
- Mao took them north-East oiver the great snow mountains over 42000 metres high
- Finaially met with Zhang's forces - power struggle - Mao was proved right increasing Mao's standing in the CCP
- Crossing of icy marshlands
- Deafeated a force of GMD troops and stormed a fortress
- Only 5-6000 of the original 80-85000 had made it
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# The Long March 1934-1936
Changes during the long march
- Decrease in the number of communists
- Location changes - Yanan
- Mao becomes more of a leader
Mao:
- Manifesto
- Propaganda force
- Seeding machine
- Victory
GMD:
- Killing CHinese
- Not focused on Japan
- Majority likes Mao
Positive:
- Promoted idea of comradeship and self sacrifice
- Red army won the support of peasants as they marched through villages
- Excellent propaganda
Negative:
- GmD accounts of the event called it the Great Retreat
- No certainty that the Yanan Soviet would survive
- Nationalist control of China seemed to be certain
-
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Long standing tensions between Japan and China
- 1st Sino-Japanese war 1894-1895 - Japan victory
- 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese war - Japan victory - Japan gets control of south Manchuria railway
- 1910 Japan annexes Korea
- 1931 - Mukden incidient - Japan claim Chinese rebels bomb railway - Japan takes control of Manchuria
- 1937 - 2nd Sino-Japanese war
34
Xian incident 1936
- Chiang Kaishek kidnapped by his generals
- Forced to meet with Zhou Enlai (Mao's 2nd)
- Forced to agree to the Second united Front
35
Second United Front
- CCP into united front knowing Chiang was in control
- Peasants informed Red Army with info on Japanese
- Communists were more determined to defeat Japan than GMD
- Powerful force in the war
- Claims that the Communist saved China - Propaganda
- Popular policies
- Doesn't kill land lords
- Many peasants recruited
- Big propaganda win for CCP
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Impact of the Sino-Japanese war
- Chiang attacked communists in spit of the cooperation promised - wasted resources
- Besieging Yanan
- Suffered from bombing and lack of will to fight
- Unpopular with peasants - high taxes - allowed some to get rich by black market
- way they were treated
- Bad reputation
- Humiliated
- GMD support dying
37
# 1927 - 1937
Nanjing decade
Foreign relations:
- National Resources Commission was set up to develop industry and trade deals
- Based foreign policy on nationalism
Economy:
- Taxation was regressive
- Opium trade brought under government control
- REstrictions imposed on gambling rings
- Chinese banks brought under control of the Bank of China
- Government did little to help peasants
- Government subsidies were provided to help the film industry and fashion houses
Social:
- Schemes were adopted to improve urban transport and communication systems
- China's civil service was modernised by the creation of special departments
- MEasures to improve quality and availability of education were implemented
- Government provided no real welfare, health, or social service
Military:
- Government set up encirclement campaigns
- Government of Chiang Kaishek gfought three different enemies at once
- Chiang fought to regain control over warlords who rebelled
- Inefficiency in the army led to Xian incident
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# 1927 - 1937
Outcomes of Nanjing Decade
Foreign relations:
- China became popular once Japan was defeated
- Unequal treaties and policies implemented by governments were removed
- China recovered many foreign concessions
- Performance of the national govenrment in the sphre of foreign relations was weak
- China reclaimed her sovereignty
Economy:
- Rural income low and land rent high
- Economic developments unsuccessful
- Government had to obtain 20-25% by borrowing
- Industrial change affected only a tiny proportion
Social:
- KMT focus on the communists led them to neglect social and economic
- Poor education
- GMD failed to build mass support in the countryside
- Biginnings of a consumer society in cities
Military:
- Party lost support because of encirclement
- Warlords retained considerable local authority
- Nationalist government became unpopular due to growing support for the communist party
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# Civil war 1946-49
Outbreak
- Dropping of atomic ombs - GDP andCCP weren't ready to take controlled
- Both sides tried to occupy as much territory
- USSR sent army into Manchuria in August 1945
- US persuaded to stop fighting - worried USSR may exploit divisions and expand control
- By Dec 1945, both were at war
40
# Civil war 1946-49
Stages of civil war
First stage:
- Between July 1946 to May 1947, GMD was initially successful
- Communists lost control of Yanan
- Communist army renamed PLA - developed guerrilla tactics - secured Northern Manchuria
Second stage:
- PLA launched full scale attacks on the GMD and switched to conventional warfare
Third stage Dec 1948- oCt 1949:
- Communist success
41
# Civil war 1946-49
The Battle of Huai-Hai Nov 1948-Jan 1949
- Most decisive campaign
- Chiang had lost contorl of Northern China - stand at Xuzhou
- Strength of the PLA strengthened by men who abandoned NRA
- Refused to retreat - loss of 200k men - surrendered on Janurary 10 1949
- Broke strength of the NRA
- US gave 3b but Chiang wasted it
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# Civil war 1946-49
Military factors
- Skill of Mao and general
- Tactics adapted to situation
- Disciplined and motivated by communism
NRA:
- Chiang was a poor leader
- GMD tactical errors - sent troops into Manchuria
- NRA was oorly supplied and cruelly treated
43
# Civil war 1946-49
Social factors
- Land reforms that took land from rich to poor
- Risked revenge if GMD took village
- Bad social policies from GMD
44
# Civil war 1946-49
Political factors
- Political success of communism - attracted support for Mao - assistance from local population
- Political unity - secure chain of command
- Positive impression of a 'democratic dictatorship'
- Propaganda to win over local population
- GMD was corrupt and unskilled
- No implement of 3 principles
- Set up a drictatorshiop
- Local officials abused powewr and took bribes
- never able to raise enough taxes
45
# Civil war 1946-49
Economic factors
High inflation
46
# Changes in agriculture
Agarian reform law
- Property of large landlords taken away and given to peasants
- Property of enemies of state - Chiang was confiscated
- Millions executed
47
# Changes in agriculture
Mutual aid teams
- Consisting of 10 or fewer households to farm the land
- 1952 40% in MAT
- Land still owned by individual peasants
48
# Changes in agriculture
APC (aagricultural products coopertives)
- Unit including animals, equipment, and 3 -5 mat created demand for machinery
- Some areas had richer peasants and led to interference forcing peasants into APCs
- Peasant resistance
- Temporary halt to APC
49
# Changes in agriculture
Collectivisation
- Collectives were 2000-3000 households
- All land belonged to collective
- All food monitored
- Organisation of agricultural land into one great area of land, farmed communally by peasants rather than small firms
- All land belonged to collective
- Mao believed peasants were over eating
50
# Changes in agriculture
Great Famine
- COllectivisation forced and they reacted by reducing production
- Fear of Mao leads to false numbers
- Droughts
- Four noes campaign
- No incentives
- 50m deaths
- Political pressure - Mao would lose his position
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First Five Year Plan 1953-57
Positive:
- Doubled industrial output
- Increase in life expectancy
- Enhanced urban quality of life - housing standars - education, healthcare
Negative:
- Imbalance between urban and rural areas
- Rigidd central planning
- Ignored new technology - farming technology
- Danwei
- Ambitious goals
52
Second Five Year Plan 1958-62
Negative:
- Famine
- Collectivisation
- Internal conflict
- Backyard furnaces - deforestation
- Inflating production ffigues
53
Women in imperial China
- Forced marriage
- No name
- Falling in love considered shameful
- Bound feet
- Couldn't keep their dowi
- Could not divorce
- Didn't have formal roles
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Politcal changes
1950 Marriage law:
banned arranged marriage and dowry - minimum age raised - 18 for women, 20 for men
- Concubines was forbidden
- equal rights to a divorce
- People in arranged marriages were ientitled to divorce
- Women given property rights to own
- Infanticide forbidden
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