China

Question 1

Who ruled China in the early 20th Century?

Answer 1

The Qing dynasty

Question 2

What did the emperor of China follow?

Answer 2

The Mandate of Heaven

Question 3

What was the mandate of heaven?

Answer 3

When the emperor believed fate had given them the authority to rule

Question 4

By 1900, how many people did the emperor rule over?

Answer 4

300 million

Question 5

What were the 4 main ethnic groups of China?

Answer 5

Han, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan

Question 6

What percent of the population was Han

Answer 6

90%

Question 7

Which ethnic group ruled China

Answer 7

The Manchu’s

Question 8

What ideology did China follow

Answer 8

Confucianism

Question 9

Who were the Mandarins

Answer 9

Students of confucius. They took exams that allowed them advantages and rights

Question 10

What was most of the population

Answer 10

Peasants

Question 11

Who had the least rights

Answer 11

Women

Question 12

When did the emperor start losing the mandate of heaven

Answer 12

The early 20th century

Question 13

Which foreign powers had humiliated China

Answer 13

Britain, Japan, and France

Question 14

How did Britain humiliate China

Answer 14

Britain gained wealth due to opium trade and victory in the opium wars

Question 15

How did Japan humiliate China

Answer 15

Japan defeated China in a war in 1894 and took control of Korea

Question 16

How did France humiliate China

Answer 16

France siezed territory in the south of China

Question 17

Where did the Qing dynasty come from

Answer 17

Manchuria in north-east China

Question 18

What helped the Qing’s keep power

Answer 18

The teachings of confucius (encouraged respect and acceptance of the political system)

Question 19

What did the Qings do in the 19th century

Answer 19

Given foreign powers rights to exploit Chinas economic resources

Question 20

What did foreign powers bring to China

Answer 20

Their technology (to change Chinas economy), Missionaries (to convert Chinese people to Christianity)

Question 21

What did Chinese people refer to westerners as

Answer 21

Foreign Devils

Question 22

What was the Boxer Uprising

Answer 22

An attack on westerners

Question 23

When did the Boxer Uprising start

Answer 23

1899

Question 24

Where did the Boxer Uprising take place

Answer 24

Shandong in northern China

Question 25

Where did the uprising spread to by 1900

Answer 25

3 of Chinas north-eastern provinces

Question 26

What caused the Boxer Uprising

Answer 26

Emperor Guangxu trying to modernise China, hatred for foreign devils, and Cixi's encouragment for the attack of foreigners

Question 27

What was emperor Guangxu's policy called

Answer 27

The hundred days reform

Question 28

Why did the hundred days reform policy end

Answer 28

Cixi opposed it - she and her supporters siezed control of the government and ended the reforms

Question 29

What happened in the late 1890's

Answer 29

the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) began attacking foreigners and Chinese christians

Question 30

Who were the boxers made up of

Answer 30

Mainly peasants

Question 31

Where did the boxer's attacks begin

Answer 31

Shandong

Question 32

Where did the attacks spread to

Answer 32

Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, and Beijing

Question 33

Who did the boxers attack

Answer 33

Christian missionaries and foreigners

Question 34

What did the boxers do

Answer 34

Burned down churches, schools, and killed both foreign and Chinese christians

Question 35

What happened when the uprising spread to Beijing

Answer 35

The German ambassador was shot

Question 36

Where did the western population of China retreat to

Answer 36

The British legation

Question 37

How many days was the British legation surrounded by Boxers

Answer 37

55 days

Question 38

Who supported the Boxers

Answer 38

Empress Dowager Cixi

Question 39

What did western powers do

Answer 39

Raised an international force which broke the siege

Question 40

What happened to the boxers after the siege

Answer 40

They were executed in the streets

Question 41

What did Cixi and the emperor do

Answer 41

Disguised themselves and fled south to Xian

Question 42

What was an immediate effect of the uprising's failure

Answer 42

the tightening of foreign control in China

Question 43

What was put into place after the uprising

Answer 43

A severe financial pentalty (£67 million in reparations to be paid over 39 years)

Question 44

What did westerners insist on after the uprising

Answer 44

The destruction of China's military fortifications and arsenals of weapons

Question 45

How many soldiers were executed after the uprising

Answer 45

10

Question 46

What happened around Beijing due to the uprising

Answer 46

Foreign soldiers were permanently placed around Beijing

Question 47

What happened in 1902

Answer 47

Cixi and the emperor were allowed to return to Beijing (however their authority was severely damaged)

Question 48

What did Cixi allow to try and save the reputation of the royal house

Answer 48

A series of reforms

Question 49

Why were Cixi's reforms pointless

Answer 49

The damaged to the royal house after the Boxer Uprising was impossible to amend. (too little too late)

Question 50

What did Cixi's reform's failure lead to

Answer 50

The 1911 revolution and the fall of the Qing dynasty

Question 51

What were Cixi's new reforms inspired by

Answer 51

The self-strenghtening movement

Question 52

When did the self-strengthening movement begin

Answer 52

In the 1860's

Question 53

What was the purpose of Cixi's self-strengthening reforms

Answer 53

To learn from foreigners, to copy their sciences and technology, and to apply it in exploiting China's resources

Question 54

What did Cixi believe about the self-strengthening reforms

Answer 54

She believed that the reforms would re-establish China's power and save the Qing dynasty

Question 55

When were the reforms put into place

Answer 55

from the years 1902-11

Question 56

What problems led to the 1911 revolution

Answer 56

Weak government, failure for political reforms, consequences of army reform, spread of revolutionary ideas, growing resentment over control of China's railways

Question 57

Why did a weak government lead to the 1911 revolution

Answer 57

In november 1908, Guangxu and Cixi died. The new emperor (Puyi) was 2 years old. Prince Chun ruled as regent and tried to save the dynasty by continuing Cixi's reforms. However, Chun was inexperienced and could not provide a strong government

Question 58

Why did the failure for political reforms lead to the 1911 revolution

Answer 58

They were too little and too late. The limits placed on provincial assemblies (0.4% of the population had the right to vote) led to calls for faster reform, and the failure of the government to do this increased support for revolution