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China and the World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Middle Kingdom syndrome?

A

The belief that China is the center of the world, also known as Sino-centricity.

This perspective influenced China’s interactions and views of foreign nations.

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2
Q

What is the tribute system?

A

A soft power mechanism where China expected deference and obedience from its neighbors in exchange for protection.

This system facilitated China’s dominance in the Sino-centric world order.

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3
Q

List the zones of the Sino-centric world order.

A
  • Sinic Zone (Han Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese)
  • Inner Asian Zone (Manchu, Mongols)
  • Outer Asian Zone (Japan, Southeast Asia)
  • Barbarian Zone (non-oriental peoples outside China’s border)

Each zone reflects China’s perception of its neighbors and their respective statuses.

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4
Q

What ideology guided China’s emperors?

A

Neo-Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven, emphasizing harmony between human society and nature.

The emperor was seen as a moral example and the highest authority in governance.

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5
Q

What led to the challenges of the Sino-centric world order during the Qing dynasty?

A

External pressures from Western nations, Japan, and Russia, as well as internal discontent.

These challenges contributed to China’s disintegration and loss of sovereignty.

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6
Q

What was the Century of Shame and Humiliation?

A

A period of national trauma for China marked by foreign invasions and loss of territory from the mid-19th century to early 20th century.

This term is ingrained in the Communist Party’s narrative and national identity.

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7
Q

What was the self-strengthening movement?

A

A late 19th-century initiative aimed at modernizing China in response to foreign pressures.

It included military and technological advancements by sending individuals to study in the West.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ movement was a nationalist protest against foreign control over Chinese territories in 1919.

A

May Fourth

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9
Q

What does guan xi refer to in Chinese statecraft?

A

Relationships based on reciprocity and commonality, crucial in Chinese diplomatic interactions.

Guan xi is often emphasized in both domestic and foreign relations.

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10
Q

True or False: China prefers alliances over alignments in its foreign policy.

A

False

China prefers alignments to maintain flexibility and avoid entanglements in military support.

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11
Q

What is the significance of cognitive dissonance in China’s belief system?

A

It describes the conflict between new information and existing beliefs, leading to rejection of conflicting ideas.

This psychological phenomenon affects how Chinese citizens process foreign relations.

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12
Q

List the seven types of nationalism identified in recent Chinese political discourse.

A
  • Affirmative nationalism
  • Aggrieved nationalism
  • Confident nationalism
  • Assertive nationalism
  • Popular nationalism
  • Angry nationalism
  • Soft power nationalism

Each type reflects different aspects and sentiments of national identity and foreign policy.

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13
Q

What was Deng Xiaoping’s approach to foreign policy after 1978?

A

Focus on economic development and using international relations to aid China’s modernization.

This marked a shift from revolutionary export to economic cooperation.

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14
Q

What does the term ‘Wolf Warriorism’ refer to?

A

A form of state-level angry nationalism characterized by aggressive rhetoric against foreign criticism.

It reflects a more assertive and confrontational stance in China’s foreign relations.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was the primary institution for decision-making in China’s foreign policy under Xi Jinping.

A

Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group = Mao
Xi changed it to Foreign Affairs Leading Commission OR is it Central Foreign Affairs
Commission

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16
Q

What is the primary goal of soft power nationalism?

A

To project China as an economic, diplomatic, and cultural model to the world.

This approach aims to attract foreign investment and influence through cultural means.

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17
Q

True or False: China’s nationalism is solely a state-driven phenomenon.

A

False

Nationalism in China has both state and autonomous roots, indicating that the party-state does not have complete control over national sentiment.

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18
Q

What is the structure of Leading Small Groups (LSG’s)?

A

Less than 10 people usually, leading on environment, AI, finance, trade, etc.

These groups focus on domestic policy and are crucial for foreign policy decisions.

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19
Q

What is the Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group (FALSG) now called?

A

Foreign Affairs Leading Commission (FAL Commission)

This group deals primarily with foreign policy.

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20
Q

What is the focus of the National Security Commission established in 2014?

A

Primarily internal security issues

It encompasses political, territorial, military, economic, cultural, societal, science, information, and nuclear security.

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21
Q

What are the primary functions of the Ministry of State Security (MSS)?

A

Counter espionage and intelligence collection

The MSS is modeled on the Soviet KGB.

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22
Q

What is the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) classified as?

A

A think tank controlled by the Party Department (PD)

They receive state funding, indicating they are not autonomous.

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23
Q

What does the acronym TALSG stand for?

A

Taiwan Affairs Leading Small Group

It is not a commission.

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24
Q

What are the main components of China’s government system?

A

PBSC, Politburo, Central Committee

PBSC consists of 7 people, with the Politburo having about 15 members.

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25
What are the five central committee departments?
* PD - Propaganda Department * OD - Organization Department * CDIC - Central Discipline Inspection Commission * UFWD - United Front Work Department * ID - International Department
26
What is the focus of China's economic strategy over the last two decades?
Largest economy with the highest growth rate technological self-reliance, domestic consumption, global economic influence, and security-driven economic policies. - GPT ## Footnote China is also the largest energy consumer and emitter of greenhouse gases.
27
What percentage of China's exports come from Joint Venture facilities?
60% ## Footnote These facilities involve foreign inbound investment combined with Chinese industry.
28
What does 'middle income trap' refer to?
A situation where countries remain stuck in middle income status without progressing to high income ## Footnote Only 11 out of 101 countries transitioned out of developing status since 2010.
29
What is the primary economic model China follows?
Hybrid economy combining market and planned economy elements Also, they take on import substitution strategy and inbound FDI ( the traditional way to become a higher income country) and use Soviet's planned economy strategy where people produce not for demand but for government dictates) ## Footnote This includes state influence over production and market demand.
30
What are the two types of direct investment mentioned?
* Greenfield investment * Mergers and acquisitions (M&A)
31
What is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?
A strategy to connect China to Europe and enhance infrastructure in 68 countries ## Footnote It includes the construction of railroads, pipelines, and ports.
32
What is 'debt trap diplomacy'?
Offering loans or grants to developing countries that lead them into debt with China ## Footnote In exchange, China seeks access to ports and minerals.
33
What are the challenges facing China's soft power?
* Uniqueness that doesn't travel well * Filled with slogans * Language barriers * Repressive political system * Nationalism
34
What is the definition of soft power according to Joseph Nye?
The ability to shape preferences of others and get them to want the outcomes you want ## Footnote It relies on co-optation rather than coercion.
35
What is 'sharp power'?
Malign influence projected by authoritarian governments through propaganda ## Footnote It aims to manipulate foreign audiences and perceptions.
36
What key message did Xi Jinping convey regarding international communications?
Strengthen communications capacity and build national discourse power ## Footnote This relates to enhancing China's international narrative.
37
What are the components of China's international media strategy?
* State Council Information Office * CCP International Department * Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Xinhua News Agency * CCTV
38
What has been the trend in foreign perceptions of China?
Increasing unfavorable views towards China ## Footnote This trend is visible in both the Global North and South.
39
What is a key characteristic of China's nationalism?
半日など他国に好かれない
40
What is China's military modernization characterized by?
professionalization and modernization of software and hardware
41
List some key drivers of China's military modernization.
* contingencies * resources * doctrine
42
What are some contingencies China is preparing for?
* Taiwan * Japan * DPRK * South China Sea * India * USA
43
True or False: China has legitimate claims over the South China Sea.
False
44
What is the official defense budget of China?
329 billion
45
What does China's defense budget not cover?
nuclear weapons, military infrastructure, foreign military aid and arm transfers, overseas military bases and operations
46
What are the nine phases of China's military doctrinal evolution?
* 人民戦争 (1935-79) * 人民戦争在現代条件下 + active defense (1979-87) * local war (局部戦争) (1985-91) * local under high tech conditions (1993-2005) * strategic guideline of active defense (2003) * historic missions of military in the new century (2004-2012) * 非戦爭軍事行効military operations other than war (2004) *bold text* * near sea defense and far sea defense (2014~) *bold text* * prepare to fight & win wars (2012~) *bold text*
47
What military reform did Xi Jinping implement in January 2016?
Reformed military from Soviet style to American style Soviet equipment, american style doctrine, centralized military commission
48
What are the four modernizations of Deng Xiaoping?
* agriculture * industry * science and technology * national defense
49
What is one challenge for China's military in the future?
continue transforming the defense industrial base extend A2AD (anti access area denial) out to third island chain (beyond first and second island chain, a line that goes across the pacific next to australia)
50
Define global governance.
cross-national, cross-regional boundaries of institutions
51
List some key institutions involved in global governance.
* League of Nations * UN * ILO * IMF * WTO
52
What is the foundation of infrastructure in global governance?
norms and beliefs of Liberalism based on Emannuel Kant
53
What were the six phases in China’s road to global governance?
* system challenger (1949-78) * system student (1971-85) * system integration and exploitation (1985-2000) * ambivalence (2000-2012) * deepened engagement (2012~)
54
What does the term 'Responsible Stakeholder' refer to in the context of China's global governance?
China should contribute and adhere to international norms
55
What is one main contribution China has made to global governance since 2012?
* UN Security Council * UNPKO * disaster relief * counter-terrorism
56
What is a significant aspect of China's relationship with Japan? (talk about trade and ODA too)
deep suspicion and mistrust "Friendship Diplomacy" in 1980s and 90s, let's have more exchange and forgive each other for what we did in the past. but Yasukuni SHirine visits, tensions in East China sea ended this. Japan is 3rd largest trading partner until 2018, Japan was largest ODA donor to China
57
What was Japan's role in China's modernization from 1979 to 2018?
largest ODA contributor, 32.4 billion US dollars
58
Fill in the blank: China has a very capable and creative society with enormous untapped _______.
soft power
59
True or False: China's military is becoming a world-class military.
True
60
Japan's largest ODA contributor to China between 1979-2018?
32.4 billion US dollars ## Footnote This amount is not considered reparations.
61
What is Japan's position on Taiwan's autonomy?
Japan supports Taiwan's autonomy but not independence ## Footnote This stance is contrary to China's position.
62
What is the historical perspective of China regarding Japan's actions post-WWII?
China views Japan's actions as a form of compensation and does not accept apologies ## Footnote China holds WWII grievances against Japan.
63
What is the significance of the 'Friendship Diplomacy' framework between China and Japan?
Aimed to enhance exchanges through students, tourists, and international marriages ## Footnote This framework was disrupted by political events like Koizumi's Yasukuni Shrine visit.
64
China's view of the Korean Peninsula?
China considers it a 'natural sphere of influence' ## Footnote This perspective stems from historical ties and tribute systems.
65
China's two main goals toward South Korea?
* Weaken South Korea's ties to the U.S.* * Minimize Japan's role on the peninsula.*
66
What describes the nature of relations between China and South Korea?
Dense relations at the society-to-society level ## Footnote South Korea is China's 5th largest trading partner.
67
What is China's strategic concern regarding North Korea?
Prevent the collapse of the North Korean regime ## Footnote China fears an influx of refugees and the impact of nuclear weapons.
68
What is the 'White Terror' in the context of Taiwan?
Period of authoritarian rule under Chiang Kai-shek, resulting in millions of deaths ## Footnote This era is marked by repression and fear.
69
Who is Lee Teng-hui?
The leader who promoted democracy in Taiwan during his era ## Footnote He sought U.S. support for Taiwan's democratic transition.
70
What was Deng Xiaoping's approach to Taiwan?
Proposed the 'one country, two systems' framework ## Footnote This proposal was rejected by ROC leadership.
71
What does 'strategic ambiguity' refer to in U.S. policy?
The ambiguous stance of the U.S. regarding Taiwan's independence ## Footnote This policy aims to deter aggression from both sides.
72
The economic significance of Southeast Asia (ASEAN)?
Sixth largest combined economy with a GDP of 2.6 trillion dollars ## Footnote It is the fastest-growing region at 4.6%.
73
What is 'ASEAN Centrality'?
The central role of ASEAN in regional multilateral diplomacy ## Footnote It encompasses economic, political-security, and social-cultural communities.
74
What are the major power dynamics in Southeast Asia?
Intensifying U.S.-China competition ## Footnote Southeast Asia is a contested sphere for influence.
75
What are the three persuasive regional narratives in Southeast Asia?
* 'Do not make us choose' - ASEAN.* * Hedging policies are becoming more difficult.* * The U.S. is seen as undependable.*
76
What is China's primary tool for influence in Southeast Asia?
Commercial presence and trade relationships ## Footnote China is ASEAN's number one trading partner.
77
What is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?
China's strategy for infrastructure investment and trade expansion ## Footnote It includes corridors and cooperation zones for resource extraction.
78
What role does China play in regional security in Southeast Asia?
Fifth largest supplier of arms and provides training for regional militaries ## Footnote Joint training exercises are held with multiple Southeast Asian countries.
79
What does OBOR stand for?
One Belt One Road ## Footnote Also known as BRI (Belt and Road Initiative)
80
What are the main components of the BRI?
* BRI maritime silk road * Corridors of BRI * Cooperation zones in BRI
81
What is China's goal regarding energy and raw materials through BRI?
To extract and bring back large amounts for China
82
What is China's role in regional defense cooperation?
Significant involvement with various training programs and military exercises
83
During which years was China the fifth largest supplier of arms?
2014-2020
84
Which countries has China conducted joint military training with?
* Cambodia * Myanmar * Thailand * Malaysia * Laos * Philippines
85
What type of military engagements has China participated in with ASEAN?
* Ship visits * Special meetings of China-ASEAN defense ministers * ASEAN-China joint exercises
86
In what year did the first ASEAN-China joint exercise take place?
2019
87
True or False: Other countries like the EU and Japan have a smaller presence in ASEAN defense compared to China.
False
88
Fill in the blank: China's military presence in the Spratly Islands includes _______.
[military ships and aircraft]
89
90

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