CHO

Question 0

What is the role of glucagon in the liver?

Answer 0

To stimulate gluconeogeneis

Question 1

What is the role of insulin in the liver?

Answer 1

To stimulate glycolysis

Question 2

The reaction catalyzed by PFK-1 is what important step in the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 2

The rate-limiting reaction

Question 3

What is metabolism?

Answer 3

The ability to harness energy from various sources and channel it into biological work

Question 4

What are triglycerides converted to in the blood?

Answer 4

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 5

T or F: Most of the carbons of glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, and AA from food are ultimately converted to Acetyl CoA

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Polydipsia is?

Answer 6

Extreme thirst

Question 7

What is ketoacidosis?

Answer 7

Excess levels of ketones in the blood

Question 8

Diabetes type 1 is?

Answer 8

No insulin in blood due to pancreas stopping making it

Question 9

What is the universal currency of free energy in biological systems?

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

Why is energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 10

Energy is released byecause the charge repulsion, resonance and hydration effects make cleaved ATP->ADP is really energetically favorable. ATP is really willing to lose Phosphate group

Question 11

T or F: The Ribose on ATP is deoxygenated

Answer 11

F (ribose)

Question 12

What is catabolism?

Answer 12

Breaking down of things

Question 13

What is anabolism?

Answer 13

Building up of things

Question 14

Which is more energetic: Glucose 6 phosphate or Glycerol 3 phosphate?

Answer 14

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 15

List these in order from high energy to low: Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-BPG, Phosphocreatine

Answer 15

Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-BPG, Phosphocreatine

Question 16

What shifts the equilibrium of coupled reactions energetically?

Answer 16

ATP hydrolysis

Question 17

What is the approximate release of free energy for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?

Answer 17

7.3 kcal per mole

Question 18

Electron donating molecules are also known as?

Answer 18

Reducing agents (it itself gets oxidized)

Question 19

Electron accepting molecules are also known as?

Answer 19

Oxidizing agent (it itself is reduced)

Question 20

What are the three ways electrons are transferred biologically?

Answer 20

Directly as an electron, in the form of an H atom (two of them), in form of a hydride ion (along with a proton)

Question 21

Biological oxidation of carbon atoms are also known as?

Answer 21

Dehydrogenation

Question 22

Describe NAD and FAD in terms of redox

Answer 22

NAD to NADH is promiscuous and very water soluble, transient. Found in B3 (niacin). FAD to FADH2 is usually tightly bound and associated with enzymes in a long lasting way.

Question 23

What is pellegra?

Answer 23

Niacin deficiency (NAD def.) 4 D’s: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and sometimes death

Question 24

What is a futile process?

Answer 24

A reaction that uses the product it creates

Question 25

What are the three general ways metabolic pathways are regulated?

Answer 25

Amounts of enzyme, catalytic activity (feeback inhibition / allosteric / hormonal), and accessibility of substrate

Question 26

What is rate-limiting and how does it relate to enzymes?

Answer 26

Like highways, dependent on the step before it, reaction is only as fast as slowest step.

Question 27

Where does fatty acid synthesis happen?

Answer 27

Liver, fat cells

Question 28

Where does gluconeogenisis occue?

Answer 28

Liver kidney

Question 29

Where does heme synth happen?

Answer 29

Bone marrow

Question 30

The HMP shunt occurs where?

Answer 30

Liver, fat, adrenal cortex, mammary gland

Question 31

AA synthesis and breakdown occurs where?

Answer 31

Liver

Question 32

Urea synthesis happens where?

Answer 32

Liver

Question 33

Cholesterol synthesis happens where?

Answer 33

Liver

Question 34

Steroid hormone synthesis occurs where?

Answer 34

Adrenal cortex, gonads

Question 35

T or F: Protein synthesis occurs in mature RBC

Answer 35

F

Question 36

T or F: Krebs and ETC occur in mature RBC

Answer 36

F

Question 37

What is hormonal regulation?

Answer 37

Chemical messengers are released from one tissue and affects processes in another tissue

Question 38

What is a keto group?

Answer 38

C-C=O | C-

Question 39

What is an aldehyde group?

Answer 39

H-C=O | C-

Question 40

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 40

Contain an aldehyde or ketone group and a number of hydroxyl groups

Question 41

Generic names for 3 carbon to 7 carbon sugars

Answer 41

Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose, Heptose

Question 42

What is an isomer?

Answer 42

Same chemical formula with different structure

Question 43

What is an enantiomer?

Answer 43

Mirror image isomers

Question 44

What is the most common form of glucose?

Answer 44

D-glucose also called dextrose

Question 45

How do we determine enantiomer type (D or L) for a sugar?

Answer 45

Furthest chiral carbon from the ketone or aldehyde group and if hydroxyl is on left it is L and on right it is D (Lewis structure)

Question 46

T or F: Glucose and Fructose are isomers

Answer 46

T

Question 47

What is an epimer?

Answer 47

Only difference is that the position of a hydroxyl group around asymmetric carbon (chiral)

Question 48

T or F: Glucose and Galactose are epimers

Answer 48

T

Question 49

T or F: Glucose and Mannose are epimers

Answer 49

T

Question 50

T or F: Fructose is a ketose

Answer 50

T

Question 51

What is a reducing sugar?

Answer 51

When an oxygen on an anomeric carbon is not attached to another structure, it can react with other reagents to become oxidized up to carboxylic acid

Question 52

How do we number carbons in a sugar?

Answer 52

Carbon one is the top carbon in a linear projection, it is the first carbon clockwise from the O group in the ring

Question 53

What is the anomeric carbon?

Answer 53

The carbon at which the directionality of the hydroxyl group changes the configuration of the ring (usually on the C1 and active reducing carbon)

Question 54

What is alpha and beta in relation to the anomeric carbon?

Answer 54

Alpha is when the OH is below the ring, Beta is when the OH is above the ring

Question 55

What type of bonds make carbohydrate chains?

Answer 55

Gylcosidic bonds

Question 56

What is a gylcosidic bond?

Answer 56

Hydroxyl group on anomeric carbon of monosaccaharide reacts with hydroxyl or amino group of another compound.

Question 57

What are the two types of glycosidic bonds?

Answer 57

O and N

Question 58

What is a sugar alcohol?

Answer 58

Lacks an aldehyde or ketone

Question 59

What is a sugar acid?

Answer 59

The aldehyde at C1 or OH at C6 is oxidized to a carboxylic acid

Question 60

What is an amino sugar?

Answer 60

An amino group substitutes for a hydroxyl. The amino group may be acetylated.

Question 61

What do plants store polysaccharides as?

Answer 61

Amylose or amylopectin

Question 62

Glucose in starch and glycogen are stored with what linkages?

Answer 62

Alpha linkages (1,4 and 1,6)

Question 63

Amylose has what type of links only?

Answer 63

Alpha 1,4 bonds only

Question 64

Cellulose has what type of bonds?

Answer 64

Beta 1,4 bonds, cannot be digested

Question 65

Alpha-amylase breaks what type of bonds?

Answer 65

Alpha 1,4 glucosidase

Question 66

The pre-form of an enzyme is called a?

Answer 66

Zymogen

Question 67

Where are 1,6 alpha bonds broken?

Answer 67

In the gut by isomaltase, glucoamylase, lactase, sucrase and so on

Question 68

What are the two types of simple diffusion?

Answer 68

Direct across membrane or with a channel protein

Question 69

What is faciliated diffusion?

Answer 69

Co-transport or the like where proteins help to passively move across boundary of cell

Question 70

Active transport requires?

Answer 70

ATP to move against gradient

Question 71

T or F: CHOs are moved across the intestinal epithelium

Answer 71

T

Question 72

T or F: Glucose is more concentrated in the cell than it is in the lumen

Answer 72

T

Question 73

Describe the process of moving CHOs (glucose) into a cell and out into the extracellular fluid

Answer 73

Glucose is co-transported into cell with Sodium (Sodium is moving from high to low and glucose is moving from low to high). Sodium-potassium ATPase then moves Na back out and allows K into the cell. Glucose can then be transported into EC space

Question 74

What protein is used in secondary transport of glucose into cells?

Answer 74

SGLT1 (sodium glucose transporter 1)

Question 75

T or F: Fructose is more concentrated in the lumen than in cells

Answer 75

T (just follows gradient into cells)

Question 76

Glut 1 is?

Answer 76

In most cells

Question 77

Glut 2 transports?

Answer 77

Galactose, glucose, and fructose with a low affinity but high capacity

Question 78

T or F: Glut 2 is a high affinity low capacity tranporter

Answer 78

F, it is low affinity and high capacity

Question 79

What is the primary function of Glut 2?

Answer 79

Maintain glucose homeostasis and blood sugar levels

Question 80

Glut 3 is?

Answer 80

High affinity and basal transporter for sugar. Highly concentrated in neurons

Question 81

T or F: Fructose uses SGLT1

Answer 81

False, Fructose uses Glut 5 exclusively

Question 82

What glut transporter is insulin dependent? Where is it commonly found?

Answer 82

Glut 4, muscle and adipose

Question 83

What is Glut 5?

Answer 83

High affinity for fructose

Question 84

What type of polysac is amylose? glycogen?

Answer 84

Linear, branched

Question 85

T or F: Polysacs are broken down into monosaccharides before being absorbed

Answer 85

T

Question 86

What is lactose intolerance? How is it gained?

Answer 86

Hereditary, acquired (insult epithelial cells and temporarily lose ability to digest). Results in bacteria digesting it leading to H2, Lactic acid, Co2, and acetic acid being made leading to bloating, diarrhea and dehydration

Question 87

How is lactose intolerance tested

Answer 87

Give controlled amount and measure plasma glucose and galactose levels over time. No spike = no lactase = lactose intolerant

Question 88

Monosaccharide transport is dependent on what enzyme?

Answer 88

Na/K ATPase

Question 89

Where does glycolysis tend to happen?

Answer 89

Cytosol, but in cells without mitochondria. Exclusively occurs in brain.

Question 90

What are the two different enzymes responsible for taking glucose to glucose-6-P?

Answer 90

Hexokinase and Glucokinase

Question 91

Where is hexokinase located?

Answer 91

Most cells

Question 92

Where is glucokinase found?

Answer 92

Liver and beta cells

Question 93

Which has a higher affinity for glucose: hexokinase or glucokinase?

Answer 93

Hexokinase

Question 94

What has a higher Vm: hexokinase or glucokinase

Answer 94

Glucokinase

Question 95

Compare and contract properties of glucokinase and hexokinase

Answer 95

Hexokinase has high affinity but low max velocity. Glucokinase has low affinity but high max velocity. Basically glucokinase only really works in very high glucose concentrations

Question 96

What are the three effects of phosphorylating in phys setting?

Answer 96

Net negative charge taps the molecule in cells, Conserves energy in that it is stored in the P bond, marks the molecules for further metabolism (committed to pathway)