CHO

Question 1

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 1

Aldoses (Glucose, galactose)
-polyhydroxyl aldehydes
Keotse (Fructose)
-Polyhydroxyl ketone

Question 2

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 2

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (galactose and glucose)
Maltose (glucose and galactose)

Question 3

What are examples of complex carbs?

Answer 3

Polysaccharides >10 monosacchs

• Starches
• Glycogen
• Fibers
• -Pectin, cellulose, gums

Oligosaccharides 3-10 monosacchs

• Dried beans, peas, lentils
• -rafflinose and stachyose

Question 4

What are the two forms of Starch?

Answer 4

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 5

What is Amylose?

Answer 5

A straight chain form of starch Amylase produces 1-4 linked disacchs (maltose)

Question 6

What is Amylopectin?

Answer 6

A branched chain form of starch that forms 1-4 and 1-6 linkages (less digectible)
Amylase produces maltose, maltriose, dextrins

Question 7

What is glycogen?

Answer 7

Storage form of glucose in animals and humans
Highly branched chain
Little to none in diet
(broken down upon slaughter)

Question 8

Fiber has a nondigestable what?

Answer 8

Linkage between monosaccaharides

Question 9

What are examples of insoluble fibers and what food sources are they found in?

Answer 9

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins

Brown rice, wheat bran, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, seeds

Question 10

What is the role of insoluble fibers in cells?

Answer 10

structural fibers in plant cell walls

Question 11

What are examples of soluble fibers?

Answer 11

Pectins, gums, mucilages, B-glucans, inulin

Question 12

What is another name for soluble fibers?

Answer 12

Viscous

Question 13

What is the role of soluble fibers in cells?

Answer 13

cellular fibers

Question 14

Where do you find soluble fibers?

Answer 14

Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, seeds and husks

Question 15

What are the functions of fibers?

Answer 15

Slows stomach emptying 
"Binding" action (viscous fibers) e.g. cholesterol
Exercise for gut muscles 
Softer stool
More rapid waste transit 
Releases small amount of energy

Question 16

What is the primary metabolic fuel in humans?

Answer 16

CHO- provide 40-60% of the energy

Question 17

CHOs are primarily consumed as?

Answer 17

Glucose

-polymers or simple sugars

Question 18

What enzymes digest starches?

Answer 18

Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Oligosaccharidases-disaccharidases

Question 19

What are glycosidases?

Answer 19

Cleave 1 glucose from non-reducing end

-Produce free glucose for transport into Intestinal epithelial cells

Question 20

What enzymes are found in the mouth and what forms of CHO do they digest?

Answer 20

Salivary amylases

Starch, maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 21

What enzymes are found in the stomach and what forms of CHO do they break down?

Answer 21

Amylase form saliva

Dextrin Maltose

Question 22

What enzymes are found in the small intestine and what forms of CHO do they break down?

Answer 22

Pancreatic Amylase (Maltose) 
Brush border enzymes (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Question 23

What enzymes are found in the large intestine and what forms of CHO do they break down?

Answer 23

None

Bacterial microflora ferment cellulose

Question 24

How does Glucose and galactose get absorbed into the intestine?

Answer 24

Via SLGT1 along with sODIUM

Question 25

How does Fructose get absorbed into the intestine?

Answer 25

Via facilitate diffussion with the GLUT5 transporter

Question 26

Do vitamins provide energy?

Answer 26

NO, glucose does

Question 27

What enzyme is needed in the first step of the break down of glycogen in the krebs cycle and what vitamin is associated with it?

Answer 27

Glycogen phosphorylase; B6

Question 28

What is PLP?

Answer 28

Active form of B6 Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

Question 29

Plamsa PLP is taken up mainly by?

Answer 29

muscle

Question 30

PLP is mostly bound to what?

Answer 30

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 31

What is glycolysis?

Answer 31

"Glucose splitting" anaerobic | 1 glucose splits into 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 32

Niacin is important for what enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis)?

Answer 32

Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Question 33

Thiamin and Niacin are important for what enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis)?

Answer 33

Transketolase ( Foun in pentose phosphate pathway.

Question 34

Erythrocyte Transketolase activity is used in assessing the status of what vitamin?

Answer 34

Thiamine

Question 35

Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex is used in carbohydrate metabolism accompanied by what vitamin?

Answer 35

Thiamine

Question 36

Pyruvate Carboxylase is dependent upon which enzyme?

Answer 36

Biotin

Question 37

What is the CHO AMDR and RDA for adults ?

Answer 37

``` AMDR = 45-65% RDA = 130G/D ```

Question 38

What is the Added sugar AMDR and WHO values?

Answer 38

WHO =

Question 39

What is the AI for Dietary fiber?

Answer 39

``` Males = 38g/d Females = 25 g/d ```

Question 40

What are the different types of substrates that can be used in gluconeogenesis?

Answer 40

Glucogenic amino acids Glycerol (triglycerides) Propionate (short chain fatty acids )

Question 41

What are the primary regulators of blood Glucose?

Answer 41

Insulin Glucagon epinephrine (adrenaline)

Question 42

What is GLUT 4?

Answer 42

a glucose transporter

Question 43

What stimulates GLUT4 to take up glucose into the adipocytes and myocytes?

Answer 43

Insulin

Question 44

Sulfonylureas do what?

Answer 44

Inhibit K channels | Induce insulin secretion

Question 45

What happens in the mechanism of insulin secretion?

Answer 45

``` K+ channel is inhibitrd -membrane depolarization -stimulatred by glucose Opens voltage-gated calcium channels Calcium induces insulin release via exocytosis ```

Question 46

What is TYPE1 DIabetes?

Answer 46

Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells

Question 47

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 47

Peripheral tissue insulin resistance

Question 48

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 48

Happens only during pregnancy

Question 49

what are secondary regulators of blood glucose?

Answer 49

``` thyroid hormone glucocorticoids growth hormone leptin adiponectin ```