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phonetics
the study and classification of speech sounds
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
most well-known and most standardized transcription system
Received Pronunciation (RP)
the standard form of British English pronunciation
General American
the standard reference accent of North American English
frequency
the rate at which a vibration occurs
vocal tract
the entire passage above the larynx
articulators
all parts of the vocal apparatus which are involved in speech production
place of articulation
the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active, moving articulator and a passive articulator
bilabial
sounds that involve both lips (b sound)
alveolar
the place of articulation (d sound)
Labio-dentals
involve only the lower lip and additionally
the upper teeth (f sound)
dental
sounds are produced with the tongue immediately behind the upper front teeth or even protruding between upper and lower front teeth (θ sound)
palato-alveolar
the constriction is between the hard palate
and the alveolar ridge (ʃ sound)
palatal
the tongue is raised toward the hard
palate (j sound)
velar
obstruction at the velum creates the sound (k sound)
glottal
sound created by airstream is obstructed at the glottis (h sound)
manner of articulation
various production methods of consonants
stops
sounds where airflow is stopped completely
plosives
sounds that have a burst of air at the moment of release, which sounds like a small explosion
affricates
a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative (ch and j sound)
