Chot 14 Flashcards
(649 cards)
1
Q
What does H+ represent?
A
Hydrogen Ions
2
Q
What role does hydrogen play in the body?
A
Hydrogen is an acid
3
Q
What does normal metabolism generate continuously?
A
H+
4
Q
Why is regulation of H+ crucial?
A
To keep Ht levels in a range that supports life
5
Q
What mechanisms are in place to maintain acid/base balance?
A
Psychological mechanisms
6
Q
Where do hydrogen ions in the body come from?
A
From fixed (non-lactate) metabolism that produces massive amounts of CO2
7
Q
What happens to CO2 in the body?
A
It is hydrolyzed into carbonic acid
8
Q
What is the chemical reaction for the formation of carbonic acid?
A
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3
9
Q
What is the only volatile acid of physiologic importance?
A
Carbonic acid
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Hydrogen ions formed in the body come from _______.
A
fixed (non-lactate) metabolism
11
Q
True or False: Carbonic acid is not important for physiological processes.
A
False
12
Q
What process generates massive amounts of CO2?
A
Aerobic metabolism
13
Q
What is isohydric buffering?
A
The hydrolysis of CO2 into carbonic acid
14
Q
What is the primary function of hydrogen ion regulation in body fluids?
A
To maintain the blood’s pH constant.
15
Q
Where does CO2 diffuse into the blood?
A
At the tissue level.
16
Q
What role do red blood cells (RBC) play in hydrogen ion regulation?
A
A reaction occurs mostly in RBC.
17
Q
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction involving CO2 and H2O?
A
Carbonic anhydrase.
18
Q
What is the chemical reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
A
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-.
19
Q
What is isohydric buffering?
A
A mechanism that prevents changes in pH due to H+ production.
20
Q
How does hemoglobin (Hb) contribute to buffering H+?
A
Hb immediately buffers the H+ produced.
21
Q
What happens to H+ when blood reaches the lungs?
A
Hb releases H+ to form CO2, which is then exhaled.
22
Q
What are the two major ways the body regulates blood pH?
A
- Isohydric buffering
- Ventilation
23
Q
True or False: Most H+ produced causes a significant change in pH.
A
False.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The reaction of CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by _______.
A
carbonic anhydrase.
25
What is a buffer solution?
A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added.
26
What are the components of a buffer solution?
Composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
27
Give an example of a buffer system in the blood.
Carbonic acid/bicarbonate system.
28
What happens when a strong acid like HCl is added to a bicarbonate buffer?
It reacts with NaHCO3 to form H2CO3, resulting in only a small acidic change.
29
What is the reaction when a base like NaOH is added to a bicarbonate buffer?
It reacts with H2CO3 to form NaHCO3 and H2O, resulting in only a slight alkaline pH change.
30
What type of system is the bicarbonate buffer considered?
An open system.
31
How is CO2 related to hydrogen ion regulation in body fluids?
Ventilation removes CO2, helping to regulate hydrogen ion concentration.
32
What does the bicarbonate buffer system help to manage in the body?
It helps to manage acid-base balance.
33
Fill in the blank: A buffer solution is effective because it minimizes changes in _______ when acids or bases are added.
pH
34
True or False: The bicarbonate buffer system can handle vast amounts of acids.
True
35
What is the definition of non bicarbonale?
Composed of Phosphate a prolions
## Footnote
Non bicarbonale refers to buffering systems that do not involve bicarbonate.
36
What does a closed system represent in the context of buffering?
It indicates that noges foremore acio
## Footnote
Closed systems limit the exchange of gases, affecting acid-base balance.
37
What role does H+ play in buffering?
It is involved in the buffer equilibrium
## Footnote
H+ ions interact with buffers to maintain pH levels.
38
What happens when ventilation is impaired in buffering?
H* + buffer • Hbüf reach equilibrium
## Footnote
Impaired ventilation disrupts the balance of acids and bases.
39
What are the two types of acids mentioned in buffering systems?
* Volatile acids
* Fixed (non-volatile) acids
## Footnote
Volatile acids can change states, while fixed acids do not.
40
What is the function of bicarbonate in buffering?
It helps manage acid levels in the plasma
## Footnote
Bicarbonate acts as a key buffer in the blood.
41
How can CO2 be removed from the body?
As long as ventilation can keep up
## Footnote
Effective ventilation is crucial for maintaining acid-base balance.
42
What is the primary cell type involved in buffering in plasma?
Erythrocyte
## Footnote
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) play a significant role in transporting CO2 and buffering.
43
What is the primary buffer in a closed system?
Non-bicarbonate buffers
## Footnote
Includes hemoglobin, organic phosphates, inorganic phosphates, and plasma proteins.
44
Which acid is released in a closed system that can affect buffering?
Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
## Footnote
It is a volatile acid that can impact pH levels.
45
What is the most abundant buffer in the blood?
Hemoglobin
## Footnote
Hemoglobin plays a significant role in buffering H+ ions.
46
List the components of non-bicarbonate buffers.
* Hemoglobin
* Organic phosphates
* Inorganic phosphates
* Plasma proteins
## Footnote
These components help buffer H+ produced by any acid.
47
True or False: A closed system can buffer indefinitely.
False
## Footnote
A closed system can only buffer until equilibrium is reached.
48
What is the role of ventilation in a closed system?
Eliminates CO2
## Footnote
This process helps maintain acid-base balance.
49
In a bicarbonate buffer system, what is the equilibrium reaction?
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-
## Footnote
This reaction illustrates the conversion between carbon dioxide, water, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate.
50
Fill in the blank: In a closed system, the buffering capacity is limited by _______.
Equilibrium
## Footnote
Once equilibrium is reached, the system cannot buffer H+ ions effectively.
51
What happens to H+ ions produced by acids in the blood?
Buffered by non-bicarbonate buffers
## Footnote
They can only be buffered until the system reaches equilibrium.
52
53
What does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describe?
The ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3-
## Footnote
This equation is essential in understanding acid-base balance in the body.
54
What is the formula for pH in the context of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
pH = 6.1 + log([HCO3-] / [H2CO3])
## Footnote
This formula indicates the relationship between bicarbonate and carbonic acid concentrations.
55
What does the term 'Paco2 x 0.03' represent in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
It is in equilibrium with blood H2CO3
## Footnote
This term reflects the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood and its relationship to carbonic acid.
56
What do blood gas analyzers measure?
pH and Paco2
## Footnote
These measurements are crucial for assessing respiratory and metabolic functions.
57
How can bicarbonate continue to buffer fixed acids?
As long as ventilation is adequate to exhale volatile acid CO2
## Footnote
Adequate ventilation is necessary to maintain acid-base balance.
58
Fill in the blank: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate _______.
bicarbonate concentration
59
True or False: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is only applicable in metabolic acidosis.
False
## Footnote
The equation is relevant in various acid-base disorders.
60
What type of acid cannot buffer H in the bicarbonate system?
Volatile acid
## Footnote
HCo2 (carbon dioxide) is a volatile acid that cannot be buffered by bicarbonate.
61
What occurs in hypoventilation regarding CO2?
CO2 accumulates
## Footnote
In hypoventilation, the body is unable to expel CO2 effectively, leading to its accumulation.
62
Which system can serve as a buffer for fixed acids?
Bicarbonate system
## Footnote
The bicarbonate system is crucial for buffering fixed acids in the blood.
63
What is the most abundant buffer in the non-bicarbonate buffer system?
Hemoglobin (Hb)
## Footnote
Hemoglobin is the primary buffer due to its abundance and ability to buffer both fixed and volatile acids.
64
What happens to buffering products in a closed system?
They accumulate
## Footnote
In a closed system, products of buffering can build up, which may affect the buffering capacity.
65
True or False: Buffering may slow or stop in a closed system.
True
## Footnote
Accumulation of buffering products can inhibit further buffering processes.
66
What is the reaction for buffering involving bicarbonate?
H+ + HCO3 → H2CO3 → H2O + CO2
## Footnote
This reaction illustrates how bicarbonate acts to buffer hydrogen ions.
67
Fill in the blank: In the presence of fixed acid, the reaction is ______ + buffer → H buffer.
H+
## Footnote
The buffering process begins with the presence of hydrogen ions (H+) reacting with buffers.
68
69
70
71
H+ buffer/buff represents
Acids and conjugate base
72
73
acid - base = physiologic mich that Keep H+ ob
74
body fluld th arange that supports lil
75
H* = react readily with protien molecules of clubr catalytic enzymes
76
these reactions change the physical shape
77
of the plotin moboule which may inactivate enayines
78
NORMAL PH
7.35-7.45
79
which corresponds to H* a 45 to 35 mmo/L
80
formed in the body comes from either volstile or fixed acids
H+
81
WHEN equillibrium à dissolved gas
VOLATILE ACIDS
82
the only volatile acid do physiologic importance
CARBONIC ACID
83
In the body is carbonic acid CH
CO3)
84
• Which is in equilibrium c
85
dissolved cOz
86
IN i normal Aerobic metabopism generates
13000 mmol/L ol
87
COz each dau
88
metabolism → C02 +H20 → H2 Cos → 4
05 + H*
89
Coz diffuses into tissue level = this reaction occus manly in Rec
90
where there are intracellubr encymo
91
Isohydric
92
caruchic a mhydrase
93
buffering
94
most H* poduced in this May coNses
95
no change i ph because of Hgo
96
97
ventilation
98
isohydric buffering
99
ae the
2 primary
100
ways the body Keeps the bloods
101
ph constant regordbss
102
of CO2 is produced
103
Calabolism =
the breakdown of protiens
104
• continually
105
produces fixed (non volatile) acids
106
such as; fulfic + phosphoria seids
107
anaerobic metabolism =
produces lacticacia
108
another fixed acid
109
the H' of fixed acids can be buffered by
bicarbonate ions
110
Which produces CUz a Water (H20)
111
String & Neak acids a bases: Equillibrium Constents
112
• strong acid + base molecules dissociate or ionize
113
almost completely in an zouedus
114
(eiould) sotution
115
Hal → H* + cI
116
Buffer Soln. characterics
117
• buffer soln. are acueaus mixtures. of acids bases
118
a buffer soln. resists changes in ph when
119
an acid or a base is added to it
120
ventilation
121
isohydric buffering
122
ae the
2 primary
123
ways the body Keeps the bloods
124
ph constant regordbss
125
of CO2 is produced
126
Calabolism =
the breakdown of protiens
127
• continually
128
produces fixed (non volatile) acids
129
such as; fulfic + phosphoria seids
130
anaerobic metabolism
= produces lacticacia
131
another fixed acid
132
the H' of fixed acids can be buffered by bicarbonate ions
133
Which produces CUz a Water (H20)
134
String & Neak acids a bases: Equillibrium Constents
135
• strong acid + base molecules dissociate or ionize
136
almost completely in an zouedus
137
(eiould) sotution
138
Hal → H* + cI
139
Buffer Soln. characterics
140
• buffer soln. are acueaus mixtures. of acids bases
141
a buffer soln. resists changes in ph when
142
an acid or a base is added to it
143
144
145
the acid component is the it cation (+) charged
146
10n
147
formed nhen a weak acid dissociates
148
in the soin.
149
tho base comporent is the remaining anion
- )charged
150
Ion portion of the acid molecule Known
151
•as conjugate base
152
4
153
12 Co
Cacid) → 1c03 (conjugate base) + H -
154
in the blood HCOz combines à sodiumions to 14 7.-
155
form sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
156
classification of whole blood buffers
157
open (bicarbonate)
158
• plasma
159
closed (non - bicarbonate)
160
• Ндь
161
• RBC
162
organic phusphates
163
The bicarbonate system
= open system
164
morganic phosphales
165
Plasma protiens
166
- because H2COz is in
167
equilibrium & dissolved coz
168
when H' is buffered by Hoos
169
the product Ha CUz is broken
170
down into H20 1 620
171
AUDY
172
as long as ventilation removes
173
removing
174
C0z from
175
the reaction
176
prevents
177
the reactor
178
foose reaching caul
179
among its readonis
180
the acid component is the it cation (+) charged
181
10n
182
formed nhen a weak acid dissociates
183
in the soin.
184
tho base comporent is the remaining anion C- )charged
185
Ion portion of the acid molecule Known
186
•as conjugate base
187
4
188
12 Co
Cacid) → 1c03 (conjugate base) + H -
189
in the blood HCOz combines à sodiumions to 14 7.-
190
form sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
191
classification of whole blood buffers
192
open (bicarbonate)
193
• plasma
194
closed (non - bicarbonate)
195
• Ндь
196
• RBC
197
organic phusphates
198
The bicarbonate system = open system
199
morganic phosphales
200
Plasma protiens
201
- because H2COz is in
202
equilibrium & dissolved coz
203
when H' is buffered by Hoos
204
the product Ha CUz is broken
205
down into H20 1 620
206
AUDY
207
as long as ventilation removes
208
removing
209
C0z from
210
the reaction
211
prevents
212
the reactor
213
foose reaching caul
214
among its readonis
215
Memo No
216
Date
217
clused buffer system = bécause an the componimis a
218
acd-base reactions remain in tho
219
"system:
Hbuf/Buf= Hbuf is the weakoad + Buff Is the conjugate base
when Ht is buffered by buf, the product (HBuf) builds
UP + eventually reaches couilli brium a the
reactants preventing further buffenng activity
• V:
Buf- + H*
8 → Hbuf
open+ closed play different moles in buffering food + volatile
acids a thur ability to fundion in wide ranging ph
enviroments differ.
Help to maintain ph homeostasis
volatile acid (H, Cos) accumulate in the body only if
ventilation cannot eliminate Coz fast enough
to Keep Upà the body's CUz production
non-carbonate a tolcarbonate buffer eystems do noti fanction
in Isolalion from one anoiher becouse they are
present in the same soln. (whible blood) a are in
equibrium o the same H*
A ventilation A CUz remoral
causing blood H+ to fall.
which causes non-bicarbonate
buffers (Hbuf) to release more H*
220
Memo No
221
Date
222
clused buffer system = bécause an the componimis a
223
acd-base reactions remain in tho
224
"system:
Hbuf/Buf= Hbuf is the weakoad + Buff Is the conjugate base
when Ht is buffered by buf, the product (HBuf) builds
UP + eventually reaches couilli brium a the
reactants preventing further buffenng activity
• V:
Buf- + H*
8 → Hbuf
open+ closed play different moles in buffering food + volatile
acids a thur ability to fundion in wide ranging ph
enviroments differ.
Help to maintain ph homeostasis
volatile acid (H, Cos) accumulate in the body only if
ventilation cannot eliminate Coz fast enough
to Keep Upà the body's CUz production
non-carbonate a tolcarbonate buffer eystems do noti fanction
in Isolalion from one anoiher becouse they are
present in the same soln. (whible blood) a are in
equibrium o the same H*
A ventilation A CUz remoral
causing blood H+ to fall.
which causes non-bicarbonate
buffers (Hbuf) to release more H*
225
Ph= 6.1 + 1og (4003)
226
Phof a buffer Suslem: Henderson - Hassel baick.
227
Mem
228
DatePa Co2 × 0.03
229
• buffer soln in body Muld s consist of mostly
230
undissociated acid molecules
e only
231
a small amount H+ + conjugale base
232
anions
233
the Ht of a buffer soin canbe calculated y the
234
concentrations of the buffers: components
235
d each acids coullibrium cunstant are
236
Known.
237
Ka (eGuil. constant) = H* x HCOs
238
Indiv. buffer contributions
239
Н2C0з
240
to whole blood
241
buffering
242
bi carbonate
243
• plasma bicarbonate
244
• RBC bicarbonate
245
35'/
246
0.18
247
total bicarbonate
248
buffering s3i%.
249
non carbonate
250
Hob
251
- 35%
252
organic phos phales- 31l1..
253
Inorg. phosphales
254
0.02
255
Plasma protions
256
total noncarbonze
257
0.07
258
buffenng 41%
259
Ph= 6.1 + 1og (4003)
260
Phof a buffer Suslem: Henderson - Hassel baick.
261
Mem
262
DatePa Co2 × 0.03
263
• buffer soln in body Muld s consist of mostly
264
undissociated acid molecules
e only
265
a small amount H+ + conjugale base
266
anions
267
the Ht of a buffer soin canbe calculated y the
268
concentrations of the buffers: components
269
d each acids coullibrium cunstant are
270
Known.
271
Ka (eGuil. constant) = H* x HCOs
272
Indiv. buffer contributions
273
Н2C0з
274
to whole blood
275
buffering
276
bi carbonate
277
• plasma bicarbonate
278
• RBC bicarbonate
279
35'/
280
0.18
281
total bicarbonate
282
buffering s3i%.
283
non carbonate
284
Hob
285
- 35%
286
organic phos phales- 31l1..
287
Inorg. phosphales
288
0.02
289
Plasma protions
290
total noncarbonze
291
0.07
292
buffenng 41%
293
ventilation
294
Memo No
295
Date
296
buffering function
297
ane of the main components is cOz
298
buffer
299
Tape of System
300
acids buffered
301
bicarbonate
302
open
303
non-carbonale
304
closed
305
fixed (nonvolatile)
306
volatile (Carbonic)
307
fixed
308
can not buffer
309
carbonio (volatile)
310
acid won
311
* If ventitalion can not Keep
312
¿ the body's cor production
313
this buffering con not
314
ocour
315
non bicarbonate luffer system
316
• Hole most important because it is the most
317
abundant
318
• these buffers are the only availale to
319
butter H2 COs
320
Closed Syslem
321
• they can buffer It produced by
322
any acid
fixed or volatile
323
MONE PAIL
324
open system: COz + H20 ≤ H* + HC03
325
remoredby
326
vent.
327
‚from body's HCO3" stores
328
added
329
fixed acid
330
Closed system: Huf → H* + tuf
331
from bodys clues
332
ventilation
333
Memo No
334
Date
335
buffering function
336
ane of the main components is cOz
337
buffer
338
Tape of System
339
acids buffered
340
bicarbonate
341
open
342
non-carbonale
343
closed
344
fixed (nonvolatile)
345
volatile (Carbonic)
346
fixed
347
can not buffer
348
carbonio (volatile)
349
acid won
350
* If ventitalion can not Keep
351
¿ the body's cor production
352
this buffering con not
353
ocour
354
non bicarbonate luffer system
355
• Hole most important because it is the most
356
abundant
357
• these buffers are the only availale to
358
butter H2 COs
359
Closed Syslem
360
• they can buffer It produced by
361
any acid
fixed or volatile
362
MONE PAIL
363
open system: COz + H20 ≤ H* + HC03
364
remoredby
365
vent.
366
‚from body's HCO3" stores
367
added
368
fixed acid
369
Closed system: Huf → H* + tuf
370
from bodys clues
371
acid excretion
372
• bicarbonate a hon bicarbonate
buffer
373
immediate defense against the accumulatión
374
0b H+
375
the lungs & the Kidneys
376
are the primary
377
acid excreting
378
organs
379
" the body faile to elminate
the remaming acids, these
busters are soon exhausted a the ph
of body fluids Quichy d
to
life treaten
the lungs can excrete only volatil acids
from dissociating H2 C03
lungs can
rapidly compensale
for large Quanities ob
fixed acid in
the blood. .
•1 .
The Kidneys eventually remore fixed acids
but @ a slower pace
10.3
in healthy
ndiv. the
excretion
mechanisin of
lungs + kidneys
are delicately
balanced
02.02
380
lungs
381
• because the volatile acid H2C03
382
is in eQuillibrium with dissolved
383
COz the lungs c20
v: blood
384
H2 CD3 concentration through ventilation
385
elimination. ob 00215 crucial i1
386
because normal aerobic metabolisn
387
Produces large Quanties of COz
388
which reacts with H20 tu form
389
large amounts of It20D3
390
14
391
Kidneus
392
remove Ht from the body
393
• excretion = is the elimination
394
11O substances: from the body in
395
urine
396
• secretion the process by which renal:
397
tubule cells actively transport
398
substances into the fluid inside
399
the tubule lumen
400
• Reabsorplion =
401
the active or passive of
402
filtrate substances that
403
mores them from the tubule
404
lumen back into the tubule cell
405
" the blood of nearly capillary
406
lungs
407
• because the volatile acid H2C03
408
is in eQuillibrium with dissolved
409
COz the lungs c20
v: blood
410
H2 CD3 concentration through ventilation
411
elimination. ob 00215 crucial i1
412
because normal aerobic metabolisn
413
Produces large Quanties of COz
414
which reacts with H20 tu form
415
large amounts of It20D3
416
14
417
Kidneus
418
remove Ht from the body
419
• excretion = is the elimination
420
11O substances: from the body in
421
urine
422
• secretion the process by which renal:
423
tubule cells actively transport
424
substances into the fluid inside
425
the tubule lumen
426
• Reabsorplion =
427
the active or passive of
428
filtrate substances that
429
mores them from the tubule
430
lumen back into the tubule cell
431
" the blood of nearly capillary
432
glomerulus = thecomponent of the renal nephron responsible
433
for filtering the blood
434
Hydrostatio Bp force H20 electrolites & other
435
non protien substances through
436
semi permeable glomerular capillary
437
endo thelium
438
the resulting filtrate is the nephron 11s
439
tubule s
440
cos is one of the electrolytes fillered
441
from the blood at the glomers
442
to become part of the tubular filtrate
443
H+
444
secretion begins with the difusion of blood 002
445
into tubule cell
446
alkalemia= this condition produces an Hco3/PC02 × 0. 03
447
ratio
448
greater than 20:1
449
a t HCO3 or an: T/Pco2 & the ph.
450
alkalemia = defined as ablood ph T than 1.45
451
acidemia = defined as a blood phof less than 7.35
452
Hyperventilation = Pacor less than as manHo
453
Hypoventilation = a Pacoz greater than 46 maHa
454
Primara
455
Respiratory disturbances = abnormal areterial ph levels
456
caused by changes in laCoz
457
the lungs control
458
Pa Coz
459
affect
460
the
461
denominzte of H-H equatión
462
glomerulus = thecomponent of the renal nephron responsible
463
for filtering the blood
464
Hydrostatio Bp force H20 electrolites & other
465
non protien substances through
466
semi permeable glomerular capillary
467
endo thelium
468
the resulting filtrate is the nephron 11s
469
tubule s
470
cos is one of the electrolytes fillered
471
from the blood at the glomers
472
to become part of the tubular filtrate
473
H+
474
secretion begins with the difusion of blood 002
475
into tubule cell
476
alkalemia= this condition produces an Hco3/PC02 × 0. 03
477
ratio
478
greater than 20:1
479
a t HCO3 or an: T/Pco2 & the ph.
480
alkalemia = defined as ablood ph T than 1.45
481
acidemia = defined as a blood phof less than 7.35
482
Hyperventilation = Pacor less than as manHo
483
Hypoventilation = a Pacoz greater than 46 maHa
484
Primara
485
Respiratory disturbances = abnormal areterial ph levels
486
caused by changes in laCoz
487
the lungs control
488
Pa Coz
489
affect
490
the
491
denominzte of H-H equatión
492
Mo
493
Tu
494
We Th Fr Sa
495
1 PacozT T V Vph
496
respiratory acidosis = respiratony disturbatices causing
497
acidemia
498
respiratory alkalosis = 1 Pacoz V Coz T ph
499
dinical dad - base states
500
Cann
501
1. categorize ph
502
2. delermine Resp. involvement
503
3. determine metabofic involvement
504
4. assess for compensatión
505
degrees of acid - base Compensation
506
• compensating
507
ph
508
at 1123
509
E in normal Range
510
zbnormal
511
outof normal range
512
in the expected
513
direction
514
DOO DO*:
515
out of normal lange in
516
the expected direction
517
•206 -2020001
518
abnormel
519
115
520
hormal
521
Memo No.
522
Date
523
classification
524
- acute
525
non compensated
526
Partially compensaled
527
compensated (chronic)
528
Mo
529
Tu
530
We Th Fr Sa
531
1 PacozT T V Vph
532
respiratory acidosis = respiratony disturbatices causing
533
acidemia
534
respiratory alkalosis = 1 Pacoz V Coz T ph
535
dinical dad - base states
536
Cann
537
1. categorize ph
538
2. delermine Resp. involvement
539
3. determine metabofic involvement
540
4. assess for compensatión
541
degrees of acid - base Compensation
542
• compensating
543
ph
544
at 1123
545
E in normal Range
546
zbnormal
547
outof normal range
548
in the expected
549
direction
550
DOO DO*:
551
out of normal lange in
552
the expected direction
553
•206 -2020001
554
abnormel
555
115
556
hormal
557
Memo No.
558
Date
559
classification
560
- acute
561
non compensated
562
Partially compensaled
563
compensated (chronic)
564
Common causes of Respiratory Acidosis:
565
normal lungs
566
- CNs depression
567
• anesthesia
568
• sedative drugS
569
• narcotia anagelisics
570
- neuromusculer disedse
571
• Polio myelitis
572
• Myasthe senia gravis
573
• guillen - barro syndrome
574
- Trauma
575
• spinal cord
576
• brain
577
• chestwall
578
• severe restrictive disorders
579
• obesity
580
1 Kyphoscoliosis
581
- Abnormal lungs
582
• Chronic obstuctive Pulmonary disease
583
• acute airway obstruction
584
Common causes of Respiratory Acidosis:
585
normal lungs
586
- CNs depression
587
• anesthesia
588
• sedative drugS
589
• narcotia anagelisics
590
- neuromusculer disedse
591
• Polio myelitis
592
• Myasthe senia gravis
593
• guillen - barro syndrome
594
- Trauma
595
• spinal cord
596
• brain
597
• chestwall
598
• severe restrictive disorders
599
• obesity
600
1 Kyphoscoliosis
601
- Abnormal lungs
602
• Chronic obstuctive Pulmonary disease
603
• acute airway obstruction
604
Mema No
605
Date
606
Common Causes of Respiratory Altabsis
607
normal lungs
608
• anxiety
609
• fever
610
• stimulant drugs
611
• eNs lesion
612
• pain
613
• Sepsis
614
alenormal lunas
615
• hypoxemia - causing conditions
616
• acule asthma
617
• Pneumonia
618
stimulation of vagal lung receptors
619
• Pulmonary edema
620
• Pulmonary vascular disease
621
either normal or abraormal lungs
622
• latrogenic hyperventilation
623
zhion gap = [Nat] - Cl + HCо3
624
Na* = 140 mEg/L
625
CI- = 104 mEg L
626
HCO3 = 24 mcak
627
Mema No
628
Date
629
Common Causes of Respiratory Altabsis
630
normal lungs
631
• anxiety
632
• fever
633
• stimulant drugs
634
• eNs lesion
635
• pain
636
• Sepsis
637
alenormal lunas
638
• hypoxemia - causing conditions
639
• acule asthma
640
• Pneumonia
641
stimulation of vagal lung receptors
642
• Pulmonary edema
643
• Pulmonary vascular disease
644
either normal or abraormal lungs
645
• latrogenic hyperventilation
646
zhion gap = [Nat] - Cl + HCо3
647
Na* = 140 mEg/L
648
CI- = 104 mEg L
649
HCO3 = 24 mcak
