CHP 1: Intro, Organs and Cells

Question 1

Define Immunity

Answer 1

State of being resistant to infection by a pathogen

Question 2

What is the mechanism organisms use to defend themselves against microorganisms?

Answer 2

Immune response

Question 3

What is germ theory of disease?

Answer 3

Diseases are caused by the invasion of pathogens

Question 4

Define pathogen. What are the types of pathogens?

Answer 4

Microorganism with the potential to cause disease

Types of Pathogens:
1) Bacterial
2) Viral
3) Fungal
4) Parasitic
5) Protozoa

Question 5

Who created the first vaccine?

Answer 5

Edward Jenner

Question 6

How did Edward Jenner come to the hypothesis that cowpox provided protection against smallpox?

Answer 6

Farmers were not getting ill from smallpox due to unsuccessful variolation of the pathogen

Question 7

What is the cellular theory of immunology?

Answer 7

Theory that cells were responsible for immune responses specifically through phagocytosis

Question 8

What is the humoral theory of disease?

Answer 8

Illness was due to the imbalance of bodily fluids specifically: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

Question 9

What is the humoral theory of immunology?

Answer 9

Theory that proposes that immunity is mediated by substances present in the body fluids

Question 10

Humoral immunity is also called or known as?

Answer 10

Antibody-mediated immunity (B-cells)

Question 11

Is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies?

Answer 11

Cell-mediated immunity
(use of T-cells)

Question 12

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 12

A pathogen that ONLY causes disease WHEN immune system is NOT functioning properly

Question 13

T/F: Viruses are intracellular pathogens

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the two types of immunity we have?

Answer 14

Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity

Question 15

What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

Answer 15

Innate or natural immunity is our inborn ability of the body to resist, genetically transmitted from one generation to the next

Adaptive or active immunity is developed by the host after exposure to an antigen or after transfer of antibodies from an immune donor

Question 16

T/F: Innate immunity lacks immunological memory

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Which type of immunity is capable of specially recognizing and selectively eliminating foreign microorganisms and macromolecules?

Answer 17

Adaptive (Active) Immunity

Question 18

T/F: B cells are part of the adaptive immune system

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Immunoglobulin is also known as?

Answer 19

Antibodies

Question 20

Who concluded that microorganisms were responsible for the cause of postpartum fever transmission?

Answer 20

Louis Pasteur

Question 21

Who suggested to doctors to wash their hands prior to assisting with deliveries to reduce the risk of postpartum fever deaths?

Answer 21

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 22

Who developed four criteria for determining if a microorganism causes a specific disease?

Answer 22

Robert Koch

Question 23

What is variolation?

Answer 23

Smallpox lesion injected under the skin of healthy individuals to promote protective response (exposure to skin lesions of an individual carrying the disease)

Question 24

What are our three lines of defense in our immune system?

Answer 24

1) Physical Barrier (Skin and mucousa)

2) Innate Immunity

3) Adaptive Immunity

Question 25

What is a key function a leukocyte MUST have to qualify as being part of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 25

Must have the ability to present an antigen

Question 26

Which white blood cell has both innate and adaptive immune responses?

Answer 26

Dendritic Cells

Question 27

T/F: B cells activate and differentiate into plasma cells once exposed to a foreign antigen

Answer 27

True

Question 28

In regards to the immune system, tolerance is?

Answer 28

The ability for our immune system to inactivate a response due to exposure to self or unharmful foreign substances

Question 29

Which antigen presenting cell promotes the movement of antigens to a draining lymphoid tissue to active the adaptive immune response?

Answer 29

Dendritic Cells

Question 30

What is the function of proteases?

Answer 30

Degrade/breakdown proteins - Hydrolysis of peptide bonds

Question 31

What is the function of lysozyme?

Answer 31

Degrade/breakdown bacterial cell walls -- Gram (+) microbes who have a peptidoglycan wall

Question 32

What is the function of defensins?

Answer 32

Disruption of pathogenic membranes

Question 33

What are some chemical barriers epithelial cells have? (4 total)

Answer 33

1) Low, acidic pH 2) Protease 3) Lysozymes 4) Defensins

Question 34

What are some physical barriers our skin or epithelial cells have to reduce pathogenic invasion?

Answer 34

1) Tight Junctions - decreases/blocks passage 2) Extracellular fluid flow - inhibits attachment

Question 35

What is the process of formation of blood cells?

Answer 35

Hematopoiesis

Question 36

Hematopoietic cells differentiate into which two progenitor cells?

Answer 36

1) Common lymphoid precursor 2) Common myeloid precursor

Question 37

Monocytes can differentiate into which two cells?

Answer 37

Dendritic cells and macrophage

Question 38

Which cell is responsible for the formation and production of platelets?

Answer 38

Megakaryocyte

Question 39

Which leukocytes are also considered granulocytes? Why are they referred to this too?

Answer 39

1) Neutrophils 2) Eosinophils 3) Basophils 4) Mast Cells Because they have granules within their cytoplasm

Question 40

What is the most abundant leukocyte?

Answer 40

Neutrophils

Question 41

Which leukocyte is responsible for defending against parasitic worms?

Answer 41

Eosinphils

Question 42

Which leukocyte is the first line of defense on protecting the body against infection?

Answer 42

Neutrophils

Question 43

Which cell gives rise to all cell types within the blood?

Answer 43

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Question 44

What are the three cell lineages within the circulatory system?

Answer 44

1) Erythroid - gives rise to blood cells and platelets 2) Myeloid - gives rise to leukocytes 3) Lymphoid - gives rise to adaptive immune cells, NK cells, and ILC

Question 45

T/F: B cells and T cells are leukocytes

Answer 45

True; they are a type of white blood cell called lymphocyte

Question 46

What granules do neutrophils have? How does this correspond to its function?

Answer 46

Myeloperoxidase, B-glucuronidase, elastase, cathepsin G, lysozyme, and lactoferrin. These granules give neutrophils the ability to break down a variety of molecules in order to engulf -- primary function is phagocytosis as well as tissue remodeling

Question 47

Which granulocyte(s) are non-phagocytic?

Answer 47

Basophils

Question 48

Which granulocyte contains histamine?

Answer 48

Basophils

Question 49

Which granulocyte plays a key role in allergic reactions? What does it release to cause this?

Answer 49

Basophils; Histamine

Question 50

Which leukocyte is important for fighting against parasitic infection and has low phagocytic activity?

Answer 50

Eosinophils

Question 51

T/F: B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells are all antigen presenting cells

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What are the three major functions of a macrophage cell?

Answer 52

1) Phagocytosis 2) APCs 3) Secretion of cytokines to stimulate inflammation

Question 53

ILC's secrete?

Answer 53

Cytokines to activate innate immune cells

Question 54

Which innate cell is able to recognize and destroy viral-infected cells?

Answer 54

NK cells

Question 55

The lymphoid progenitor gives rise to which innate cells?

Answer 55

NK cells and ILC's (innate lymphoid cells)

Question 56

T cells differentiate into?

Answer 56

Cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells

Question 57

Why is acute inflammation beneficial?

Answer 57

Causes vasodilation allowing for greater blood flow in the affected area -- therefore higher recruitment of leukocytes

Question 58

Fever is a byproduct of?

Answer 58

Inflammation

Question 59

The recognition process in the adaptive immune response is known as the?

Answer 59

Clonal selection

Question 60

What is clonal expansion?

Answer 60

Proliferation and differentiation B-cells and T cells

Question 61

Define effector cells

Answer 61

Daughter cells of a specific B or T cell that recognize the same antigen

Question 62

What is the average immune response time when encountered to a specific antigen for the first time?

Answer 62

Roughly 14 days

Question 63

T/F: Immune response is faster when exposed to an antigen the second time

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Why are immune responses faster the second time they are exposed to the same antigen?

Answer 64

Memory cells or immunological memory

Question 65

Where are T cells produced? Where do they develop and mature?

Answer 65

Produced in bone marrow through the process of hematopoiesis Develop and mature in the thymus

Question 66

Where are B cells produced? Where do they mature?

Answer 66

Bone marrow

Question 67

What are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 67

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 68

T/F: antigens from pathogens are presented to lymphocytes in primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 68

False; presented in SECONDARY lymphoid tissue -- lymph nodes

Question 69

Where does lymphocyte activation primarily occur?

Answer 69

Lymph nodes

Question 70

What connects the circulatory system to the lymphatic system?

Answer 70

Lymph nodes

Question 71

Which lymphocyte is found in lymphoid follicles?

Answer 71

B cells

Question 72

T/F: Effector cells migrate to lymphoid follicles to active B cells

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Individuals without a _________ are more prone to _______________ bacterial infections.

Answer 73

Spleen; bloodborne

Question 74

Where does antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation occur in the spleen?

Answer 74

White pulp

Question 75

How do symbiotic microorganisms protect us from pathogen infections?

Answer 75

1) compete with pathogens for space and nutrients 2) microbiota can change environment such as lowering pH, impacting pathogenic survival 3) Production of antimicrobial agents to prevent colonization

Question 76

Which immune are able to phagocytize pathogens?

Answer 76

1) Neutrophils 2) Eosinophils (not their primary function - low phagocytosis activity) 3) Macrophages 4) Dendritic cells

Question 77

When does differentiation for a B cell occur?

Answer 77

When exposed to a foreign antigen

Question 78

What are the three different types of agranulocytes of the immune system?

Answer 78

1) Lymphocytes -- B and T cells 2) NK cells 3) ILCs 4) Monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 79

Is the process whereby a lymphocyte expressing a specific cell surface receptor recognizes a foreign antigen

Answer 79

Clonal selection

Question 80

Involves the activation of the clonally selected lymphocyte and its rapid division and differentiation into an effector cell

Answer 80

Clonal expansion

Question 81

Which cell is responsible for immunological memory?

Answer 81

Memory cells

Question 82

When are memory cells developed/produced?

Answer 82

During clonal expansion

Question 83

Why is immunological memory important?

Answer 83

Allows our adaptive immune response to respond more quickly to a previously encountered antigen

Question 84

In which lymphoid tissues do adaptive immune cells undergo clonal selection and expansion?

Answer 84

Secondary Lymphoid tissues

Question 85

What process do neutrophils use to exit blood circulation?

Answer 85

Extravasion