Chp 1: The Cell

Question 1

Linear DNA is wound around proteins known as

Answer 1

histones

Question 2

site of rRNA synthesis

Answer 2

nucleolus of the nucleus

Question 3

Cristae

Answer 3

foldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 4

How are mitochondria different from other organelles?

Answer 4

they are semi autonomous and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission. contain some of own genes

Question 5

cytoplasmic/ extranuclear inheritance

Answer 5

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

Question 6

lysosomes

Answer 6

contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down substrates

Question 7

endosomes

Answer 7

transport, package, and sort cell material travelling to and from the membrane

Question 8

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

series of interconnected membranes contiguous with the nuclear envelope

Question 9

smooth er function

Answer 9

lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 10

rough ER

Answer 10

contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 11

Golgi apparatus

Answer 11

• receives materials from ER
• modifies cell products

Question 12

Peroxisomes function

Answer 12

• contain hydrogen peroxide to break down long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation
• synthesis of phospholipids

Question 13

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 13

• provides structure to cell
• aids transport of materials around cell via
• microtubules
• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments

Question 14

MICROFILAMENT component and functions

Answer 14

• Made of ACTIN
• cytokinesis
• form cleavage furrow during mitosis

Question 15

MICROTUBULES component and function

Answer 15

• made of tubulin
• provide pathways for kinesin and dynein
• components of cilia and flagella

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

• found in the centrosome and organize microtubules
• structured in 9 triplets of microtubules w hollow centers

Question 17

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS function

Answer 17

• cell-cell adhesion
• maintenance of overall integrity of cell
• anchor other organelles
• can withstand tremendous amount of tension

Question 18

4 tissues types

Answer 18

• epithelial tissues
• connective tissues
• muscle tissues
• nervous tissues

Question 19

Epithelial tissue functions

Answer 19

• cover body and lines cavities
• can be involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation
• attached to basement membranes
• constitute PARENCHYMA (functional parts of organs)
• polarized

Question 20

Connective tissues functions

Answer 20

• supports body and provides framework for epithelial cells
• make up STROMA (support structure)
• cells secrete materials to form extracellular matrix

Question 21

Main components of bacterial flagella

Answer 21

1. Filament
2. basal body
3. hook

Question 22

Binary fission

Answer 22

asexual reproduction in bacteria

Question 23

episomes

Answer 23

Plasmids capable of integrating into genome of bacteria

Question 24

Transformation

Answer 24

integration of foreign genetic material by cell via uptake from environment

Question 25

Conjugation

Answer 25

* bacterial sexual reproduction * involves transfer of F factor from F+ cells to F- cells via pilus found on donor male (+)

Question 26

Transduction

Answer 26

genetic recombination requiring virus vector

Question 27

Transposons

Answer 27

genetic elements capable of inserting or removing themselves from the genome

Question 28

Phases of bacterial growth

Answer 28

1. lag 2. exponential 3. stationary 4. death

Question 29

positive sense RNA viruses

Answer 29

genome can be directly translated by host ribosomes

Question 30

negative sense RNA ribosomes

Answer 30

requires synthesis of RNA complement before protein synthesis -carries RNA replicase

Question 31

retroviruses

Answer 31

* enveloped single stranded viruses * Uses reverse transciptase to synthesize DNA from ss RNA and integrate it into the host cell genome * eg. HIV

Question 32

prions

Answer 32

- infectious proteins - trigger misfolding of proteins

Question 33

Viroids

Answer 33

small pathogens with a very short circular ss RNA that infect plants