CHP 10 - Sex Differences

Question 1

What is the only scientifically proven difference between male and females behavior?

Answer 1

Interest
Males - Things
Females - People/Individuals

Question 2

Which ducts are known for being the precursor to female internal structures?

Answer 2

Mullerian Ducts

Question 3

Which ducts are known as being the precursors to male internal structures?

Answer 3

Wolffian Ducts

Question 4

T/F: Male and female mammals have both mullerian and wolffian ducts during early stage of prenatal development

Answer 4

True, both ducts are present before 6-8 weeks

Question 5

What gene is responsible for primitive gonads to develop into testes?

Answer 5

SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene

Question 6

What is the most abundant androgen in males?

Answer 6

Testosterone

Question 7

Once androgens are present the wolffian duct develop into which structures?

Answer 7

Seminal Vesicles and Vas Deferens

Question 8

Which hormone is responsible for the degeneration of mullerian-inhibiting hormone?

Answer 8

MIH - Mullerian inhibiting hormone

Question 9

The mullerian inhibiting hormone is produced in the?

Answer 9

Testes

Question 10

For MIH to be produced and released testosterone levels need to be?

Answer 10

Increased - High concentration of testosterone allows for the production and release of MIH

Question 11

Mullerian ducts develop and mature into?

Answer 11

Oviducts, Uterus, and the upper vagina

Question 12

Females do not have the SRY gene, therefore their gonads develop into?

Answer 12

Ovaries

Question 13

Can females product MIH?

Answer 13

No, only present with high levels of testosterone

Question 14

The Wolffian ducts degenerate in females or males?

Answer 14

Females

Question 15

T/F: Males testes product more estrogens than androgens

Answer 15

False

Question 16

What is the most abundant hormone in females?

Answer 16

Estrogen

Question 17

What is the most prominent type of estrogen?

Answer 17

Estradiol

Question 18

Which estrogen is responsible for implantation of fertilized ovum an promotes the maintenaance of pregnancy?

Answer 18

Progesterone

Question 19

What does the SRY gene do?

Answer 19

Causes the undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes, which then produces testosterone and MIH to direct development towards the male pattern

Question 20

If inject estrogens into adult males and androgens into adult females, could we make males act like females in vise versa?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What are the two types of effects sex hormones can have?

Answer 21

Organizing effects - long lasting structural effects

Activating effects - temporary, short term only continue while hormone is present

Question 22

The organizing effects set the stage for ____________ effects

Answer 22

Activating

Question 23

Menstrual cycle is an example of which type of hormone effect?

Answer 23

Organization effect

Question 24

The burst of hormones during pregnancy is an example of which type of hormone effect?

Answer 24

Activating effect

Question 25

T/F: Estradiol has little effect on the external genitals

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Which hormone is responsible for the development of external genitalia?

Answer 26

Testosterone converted into DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)

Question 27

Does testosterone play a role in the development of female pattern external genitalia?

Answer 27

Yes, low levels of testosterone leads to female external genitalia

Question 28

Testosterone converts into __________, which is more effective in promoting growth of the __________.

Answer 28

DTH (Dihydrotestosterone); Penis

Question 29

What would happen if a genetic male had low levels of androgens during prenatal development?

Answer 29

They would develop the female typical pattern of anatomy and behavior

Question 30

What would happen to a genetic female that is introduced to high levels of testosterone during prenatal development?

Answer 30

Behavior will be partly masculinized

Question 31

Why are pregnant woman recommended to stay away from products that have phthalates when carrying a boy?

Answer 31

They cause the fetus to become deficient of androgen receptors or less sensitive

Question 32

T/F: A genetic female that lacks estradiol during early life development will approximately have normal female external anatomy.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Which hormone needs to be present for the development of the female internal organs?

Answer 33

Estradiol

Question 34

The lack of estradiol during prenatal development in females will result in an increase or decrease in sexual drive?

Answer 34

Decrease

Question 35

What would be the genital appearance of a mammal exposed to high levels of both androgens and estrogens?

Answer 35

Appear male

Question 36

What would be the genital appearance of a mammal exposed to low levels of both androgens and estrogens?

Answer 36

Appear Female

Question 37

What region of the hypothalamus is larger in males than in females?

Answer 37

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

Question 38

In females, which structure in the brain is responsible for generating a cyclic patter of hormone release? also known as the menstrual cycle

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

If a genetic female is exposed to high levels of testosterone during early development will she have a normal menstrual cycle?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Sexually dimorphic nucleus contributes to control of?

Answer 40

Male sexual behavior; located in the anterior hypothalamus

Question 41

A girl born to women with high testosterone levels while pregnant will show an elevated preference for boy or girl toys

Answer 41

Boy

Question 42

Boys born to women with high _________ levels while pregnant showed more interest in typical girl toy's

Answer 42

Phthalate

Question 43

Antidepressant _________ serotonin which leads to the __________ of sexual arousal

Answer 43

Decrease; decrease

Question 44

serotonin and dopamine have what type of relationship when it comes to sexual activity?

Answer 44

Inverse; increase of serotonin decreases sexual activity by blocking dopamine release

Question 45

Which oocyte is triggered to ovulate and fertilized?

Answer 45

the oocyte with the highest FSH

Question 46

Which hormone is responsible for suppressing FSH?

Answer 46

Progesterone

Question 47

What is the function of FSH?

Answer 47

Stimulates the growth of oocytes in the ovaries, oocyte of highest FSH will be released by the ovary

Question 48

What is the function of LH?