Chp 11-22

Question 1

What is social change? main types of social change?

Answer 1

Social change refers to significant alterations in social structure and cultural patterns over time.

Evolutionary change, revolutionary change, and structural change.

Question 2

What is modernization? What are the indicators of modernization?

Answer 2

A process of social, economic, and cultural transformation from traditional to modern societies. Industrialization, urbanization, secularization, education, and media expansion.

Question 3

Define development in sociology. What are the key theories of development?

Answer 3

A multidimensional process that improves living standards, economic growth, and social well-being. Modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory.

Question 4

What is the main criticism of modernization theory?

Answer 4

It assumes Western paths to development are universally applicable.

Question 5

What does dependency theory emphasize?

Answer 5

That underdevelopment in some countries is due to exploitation by developed nations.

Question 6

What is globalization? What are the dimensions of globalization?

Answer 6

The process of increasing interdependence and interconnectedness of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations. Economic, political, cultural, and technological.

Question 7

How has globalization impacted Pakistani society?

Answer 7

Through changes in media, lifestyle, consumption, employment, and cultural identity.

Question 8

positive effects of globalization on Pakistan and negative effects of globalization on Pakistan

Answer 8

Economic growth, access to technology, and global awareness. Cultural erosion, inequality, and loss of local industries.

Question 9

How does globalization affect youth in Pakistan?

Answer 9

By influencing their aspirations, values, fashion, and exposure to global trends.

Question 12

What is cultural homogenization?

Answer 12

The process by which local cultures become more similar due to global influences.

Question 13

What role does media play in globalization?

Answer 13

It spreads global values and information, shaping opinions and behaviors.

Question 14

NGOs in Pakistan

Answer 14

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) work independently of the government and focus on education, health, environment, and women’s rights.

Question 15

Key functions of NGOs

Answer 15

Service delivery, capacity building, awareness campaigns, advocacy, and policy influence.

Question 16

Impact on society

Answer 16

NGOs play a vital role in poverty alleviation, literacy promotion, healthcare access, and empowerment of marginalized groups.

Question 17

Limitations of NGOs

Answer 17

Limited resources, dependency on foreign aid, lack of coordination, and political influence.

Question 18

Key trends shaping Pakistan’s future

Answer 18

Urbanization, population growth, technological advancements, and globalization.

Question 19

Youth’s role in future development

Answer 19

Youth can drive progress through education, innovation, and social engagement.

Question 20

Challenges for the future of pakistani

Answer 20

Political instability, environmental degradation, unemployment, and illiteracy.

Answer 21

Challenges for the future of Pakistan

Question 22

Positive prospects

Answer 22

Growing awareness, digital connectivity, and increasing civic participation.

Question 23

Definition of institutions

Answer 23

Established norms and structures that govern behavior in society, such as family, education, and government.

Question 24

Role of institutions

Answer 24

Maintain social order, transmit culture, and enable collective functioning.

Question 25

Institutional development

Answer 25

The process of strengthening institutions through reform, innovation, and improved governance

Question 26

Barriers to institutional development

Answer 26

Corruption, resistance to change, weak legal frameworks, and political interference.

Question 27

Social Change and Social Movements in Pakistan

Answer 27

Social Change in Pakistan: Shift in norms, values, and institutions caused by urbanization, education, media, and technology. Examples of Social Movements: Women's rights, student protests, human rights campaigns aiming for policy change and social justice. Barriers to Change: Traditional values, feudalism, illiteracy, and religious rigidity slow down progress.

Question 28

Women and Society

Question 29

Women and Society

Answer 29

Women’s Issues in Pakistan: Gender inequality, limited education, early marriages, and domestic violence. Efforts for Women's Empowerment: Laws for women's rights, education campaigns, and NGO support for skills training and healthcare.

Question 30

Minorities and Marginalized Groups

Answer 30

Who are Marginalized?: Religious minorities (Christians, Hindus), ethnic groups, disabled people, and transgender community. Challenges Faced Discrimination, limited access to education/jobs, social exclusion, and weak legal protection.

Question 31

Urbanization and Its Effects

Answer 31

Causes of Urbanization: Migration from rural areas, population growth, and search for jobs and education. Urban Problems: Overcrowding, traffic, housing shortages, unemployment, and pollution.

Question 32

Rural Society and Culture

Answer 32

Rural Lifestyle: Agriculture-based economy, joint family systems, strong traditions, and informal leadership (jirgas). Rural Challenges: Poverty, low literacy, lack of healthcare, and poor roads and infrastructure.

Question 33

Social Problems in Pakistan

Answer 33

Major Social Problems: Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, corruption, drug addiction, terrorism, and overpopulation. Ways to Solve These Issues: Education, job creation, fair governance, awareness campaigns, and active role of media and NGOs.