Chp 11 Conceptual

Question 1

Ingroup

Answer 1

The group of interest we are studying

Question 2

Outgroup

Answer 2

What we use to compare our group of interest to.

Question 3

Missense mutation

Answer 3

Substitution of a single amino acid for another.

Question 4

Nonsense mutation

Answer 4

substitution of an amino acid for a STOP codon

Question 5

Silent mutation

Answer 5

A mutation occurs, but doesn’t affect the amino acid sequence.

Question 6

List and describe the 4 types of chromosomal mutations

Answer 6

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations

Question 7

List the four classes of organic molecules, as well as their monomers and polymers

Answer 7

1. proteins, amino acids –> polypeptide chain
2. Lipids, No monomer/polymer
3. Carbs, monosaccharide –> polysaccharide
4. Nucleic acids, nucleotide –> DNA/RNA

Question 8

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 8

Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary- beta pleated sheet or alpha helix
Tertiary- 3D shape of one subunit
Quaternary- multiple protein subunits coming together

Question 9

What are the input and outputs of dark reactions?

Answer 9

Input: ATP, NADPH, CO2
Outputs: ADP. NADP, sugar

Question 10

What are the inputs and outputs of light reactions?

Answer 10

Input: light, ADP, NADP, water
Output: ATP, NADPH, oxygen

Question 11

What is the function of the rough ER?

Answer 11

Receives proteins from ribosomes, modifies them are sends them to golgi.

Question 12

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 12

further modifies the protein, packages and sends it to its final destination.

Question 13

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 13

Cell respiration.

Question 14

What is the function of the chloroplast?

Answer 14

Photosynthesis

Question 15

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 15

Hold waste products and water balance.

Question 16

What did the Miller and Urey experiment prove?

Answer 16

Organic molecules can be created spontaneously from primitive earth atmospheric conditions. Basically, evidence for the origin of life.

Question 17

What is the function of Lipids?

Answer 17

Long-term energy storage
Insulation
Making the membrane of cells

Question 18

What makes up the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 18

A nitrogenous base
a sugar
and a phosphate group

Question 19

Cells prefer a ____ surface area to volume ratio

Answer 19

high

Question 20

The phospholipid bilayer contains ____ head groups facing the outside and ____ tails facing inward toward each other

Answer 20

Polar; nonpolar

Question 21

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution relative to the cell. Water will move ____ towards the ____ of solute.

Answer 21

Into the cell; higher

Question 22

Does an exergonic reaction happen spontaneously and release free energy?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Enzymes can catalyze reactions by

Answer 23

Orienting substrates for a more favorable rxn
Stretching bonds in a substrate, making the substrates unstable
Temporarily adding chemical groups to the substrates

Question 24

Do enzymes change the overall delta G of a reaction so it can happen faster?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Glycolysis occurs in the ____ of eukaryotes, and the krebs cycle occurs in the ____ of eukaryotes

Answer 25

Cytoplasm; mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

Does Glycolysis and aerobic cellular respiration yield more ATP than glycolysis + fermentation?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases of a double stranded DNA molecule?

Answer 27

Hydrogen

Question 28

What enzyme makes the RNA primer needed to start DNA replication?

Answer 28

Primase

Question 29

What enzyme separates the 2 DNA strands during replication?

Answer 29

Helicase

Question 30

What is the process of making RNA from DNA?

Answer 30

Transcription

Question 31

What is the process of making proteins from RNA?

Answer 31

Translation

Question 32

Transcription takes place in the ____?

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

What type of RNA reads the codon and carries the amino acid to the correct codon during translation?

Answer 33

tRNA

Question 34

A DNA molecule that combines a gene of interest with a vector is called?

Answer 34

Recombinant DNA

Question 35

Diploid cells contain ____ set(s) of chromosomes while haploid cells contain ___ set(s) of chromosomes

Answer 35

2;1

Question 36

Cancer can occur when

Answer 36

Cells escape the control of the cell cycle and continuously divide

Question 37

The sum of all the copies of alleles at all loci in a population is referred to as...

Answer 37

The gene pool

Question 38

Random changes in allele frequencies within populations is called?

Answer 38

Genetic drift

Question 39

A taxon that consists of one ancestry and all its descendants is called a?

Answer 39

Clade

Question 40

Even though bats and birds are not directly related, they both developed wings that serve the same purpose. This is an example of...

Answer 40

Convergent evolution

Question 41

A certain species of squirrel evolved from a type of squirrel that had a big, fluffy tail. This new species of squirrel now has a tiny, straight tail. The tiny, straight tail is an example of...

Answer 41

A derived trait

Question 42

A mutation occurs in one if your skin cells from exposure to UV light. Which mutations occured?

Answer 42

Somatic mutation, Induced mutation

Question 43

Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ____ genes and ____.

Answer 43

Linked; don't assort independently of some another.

Question 44

In humans, XO individuals are usually?

Answer 44

Sterile females

Question 45

What is the sum of all genotype frequencies?

Answer 45

1

Question 46

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

Answer 46

1. Random mating 2. no mutations 3. population is infinitely large 4. No migration 5. No difference in survival among genotypes (no natural selection)

Question 47

What is the equation for the frequency of a dominant trait in a population with 2 alleles?

Answer 47

P (dom) = 1- q (recessive)