Chp 13 The Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 1

Ascending colon arises from the right lower quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon

Answer 1

hepatic flexure

Question 2

First part of the duodenum

Answer 2

duodenal bulb

Question 3

Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach; known as the “fatty apron”

Answer 3

greater omentum

Question 4

Help support the greater curvature of the stomach

Answer 4

gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and lienorenal ligaments

Question 5

Fold from the parietal peritoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 5

mesentery

Question 6

Also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine

Answer 6

alimentary canal

Question 7

Inner folds of the small intestine

Answer 7

villi

Question 8

Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach

Answer 8

cardiac orifice

Question 9

First layer of bowel

Answer 9

mucosa

Question 10

Helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach

Answer 10

gastrohepatic ligament

Question 11

The transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon

Answer 11

splenic flexure

Question 12

One of the layers of the bowel, under the mucosal layer; contains blood vessels and lymph channels

Answer 12

submucosa

Question 13

Normal segmentation of the wall of the colon

Answer 13

haustra

Question 14

Suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver; helps to support the lesser curvature of the stomach

Answer 14

lesser omentum

Question 15

Muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum

Answer 15

pyloric canal

Question 16

Fourth layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowel loops

Answer 16

serosa

Question 17

Third layer of bowel

Answer 17

muscularis

Question 18

Normal segmentation of the small bowel

Answer 18

valvulae conniventes

Question 19

Inner folds of the stomach wall

Answer 19

rugae

Question 20

Fifth layer of bowel

Answer 20

mesothelium

Question 21

Hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic secretion of enzymes

Answer 21

cholecystokinin

Question 22

Rhythmic dilation and contraction of the gastrointestinal tract as food is propelled through it

Answer 22

peristalsis

Question 23

Located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix

Answer 23

McBurney’s point

Question 24

Process of nutrient molecules passing through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph system

Answer 24

absorption

Question 25

Endocrine hormone released from the stomach; stimulates secretion of gastric acid

Answer 25

gastrin

Question 26

Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

Answer 26

abscess

Question 27

Released from small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

Answer 27

secretin

Question 28

Calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop

Answer 28

fecalith

Question 29

Pouch-like herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine or, most commonly, the colon

Answer 29

diverticulum

Question 30

Malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver

Answer 30

lymphoma

Question 31

Dilated fluid-filled bowel loops without peristalsis

Answer 31

paralytic ileus

Question 32

Characteristic of gastrointestinal wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim

Answer 32

target sign

Question 33

Collection of blood

Answer 33

hemorrhage

Question 34

Site of maximal tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually with appendicitis

Answer 34

McBurney's sign

Question 35

Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen

Answer 35

ascites

Question 36

Congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum

Answer 36

Meckel's diverticulum

Question 37

Fecalith or calcification located in the appendix

Answer 37

appendicolith

Question 38

Small tumor-like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface

Answer 38

polyp

Question 39

Inflammation of the bowel, accompanied by abscess and bowel wall thickening

Answer 39

Crohn's disease

Question 40

List the sequential parts of the digestive system

Answer 40

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (cecum; ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)

Question 41

The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ___________, is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.

Answer 41

cardiac orifice

Question 42

The pylorus is further subdivided into the _________, the _________ canal, and the _________ sphincter.

Answer 42

antrum pyloric pyloric

Question 43

The duodenum is subdivided into four segments:

Answer 43

1. superior 2. descending 3. transverse 4. ascending

Question 44

The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes _________ to the common blie duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.

Answer 44

anterior

Question 45

The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________

Answer 45

ampulla of Vater

Question 46

The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ________ branch of the ___________ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending ________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.

Answer 46

``` thyroid subclavian thoracic gastric phrenic ```

Question 47

The _________ outlines the small intestine and contains the superior mesenteric vessles, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its two layers

Answer 47

mesentery

Question 48

The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _______; the liver processes and stores the nutrients

Answer 48

blood

Question 49

The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with _________

Answer 49

peristalis

Question 50

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ___________ acid and ________

Answer 50

hydrochloric | enzymes

Question 51

The hormone _______, which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion

Answer 51

gastrin

Question 52

Gastrointestinal hormones include ______________ and _________

Answer 52

cholecystokinin | secretin

Question 53

________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body

Answer 53

Bacteria

Question 54

The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of ________ in the stool

Answer 54

blood

Question 55

As a result of chronic blood loss, _______ may be present

Answer 55

anemia

Question 56

Describe the technique sonographers use to observe the upper gastrointestinal tract

Answer 56

Have the patient drink 10-40oz of water through a straw. The straw helps prevent ingestion of excess air when water is consumed. Patient should be in an upright position.

Question 57

The ______________ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bull's-eye or target-shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphragm

Answer 57

gastroesophageal

Question 58

The gastric _______ can be seen as a target shape in the midline

Answer 58

antrum

Question 59

Describe the measures that should be taken is a patient presents with a "cystic" mass in the left upper quadrant

Answer 59

May give patient a carbonated drink to see bubbles in the stomach. Place nasogastric tubes for drainage. Watch for change of shape or size in stomach mass. Alternate patient's position to upright, or left or right lateral decubitus

Question 60

The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3 to 5 mm apart. This is called the "____________" and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.

Answer 60

keyboard sign

Question 61

The appendix is loacted on the abdominal wall under ___________

Answer 61

McBurney's point

Question 62

Movable intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on upper gastrointestinal radiographs are known as gastric ________

Answer 62

bezoars

Question 63

A gastric ______ is an outgrowth of tissue from the wall

Answer 63

polyp

Question 64

The most common tumor of the stomach is the __________

Answer 64

leiomyoma

Question 65

_____________ is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the vermiform appendix

Answer 65

Acute appendicitis

Question 66

The normal appendix can occasionally be visualized with gradual __________ on sonography

Answer 66

compression

Question 67

The ultrasound pattern of acute appendicitis is characterized by a _____________ appearance of the appendix in transverse view

Answer 67

target-shaped

Question 68

A(n) ________ designates gross enlargement of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen

Answer 68

mucocele

Question 69

___________ is regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level

Answer 69

Crohn's disease