Chp 14 - Love and Hate Flashcards
(40 cards)
Ethological and Evolutionary Perspective on Love and Hate (4)
1) Intra-species Aggression
- Competition for same resources
- Sexual jealousy, same-sex rivals
2) Dominance Hierarchy
- aggression when changes to hierarchy
- decreases aggression
- set access to resources
Most violent crime, including lethal violence, is in the context of competition for material goods, status, or related to “face” or sexual jealousy (Daly & Wilson)
Overall access to resources, average wealth, median income are poor predictors
3) Wealth Disparity
- Ratio of highest income to lowest income
- Correlation of income inequality & murder r= +.845 (huge correlation)
Wealth disparity/ inequality: correlation to: (3)
- Rate of imprisonment
- Social problems
- Homicide rate
Some have easier access to resources
The Brain and Aggressive Behaviour (3)
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septum: Rage
Prefrontal cortex (The Brain and Aggressive Behaviour) (5)
- inhibitory control over behaviour
- ↓ activity ↑ impulsive aggression
- Most sensitive to alcohol (prefrontal and cerebellum)
- not fully mature until early 20s
Compare inmates with violent vs. Non-violent crimes
- Non-violent: had more activity in both lateral and medial prefrontal cortex
Amygdala (The Brain and Aggressive Behaviour) past case
Violet behaviours
Charles Whitman 1996
- Murdered his wife, mother (knife)
- Shot 14. Wound 31 from an observation deck, uni of texas
In diary wrote about headaches
- Had a tumour that was exerting pressure on amygdala
- Correlational data
- Dysfunctional amygdala: May send dangerous signals despite none
Family Influences: Parenting Style (4)
Authoritative Parents
Authoritarian Parents
Rejecting/Neglectful Parents
Permissive
Authoritative Parents (3)
- Clear, enforced rules
- Caring, supportive, high expectations
= high self-esteem, high achievement
Authoritarian Parents (4)
- Strict discipline
- Cold, unresponsive
= Low self-esteem, poor performance, low self-control - Lead to more impulsivity
Rejecting/Neglectful Parents (3)
- No discipline, no guidance
- Cold, unresponsive
= Low achievement, withdrawal, poor social relationships, aggression, risky behaviour
Permissive (3)
- No guidance, discipline
- Warm, caring
= immature, self-centred, impulsive
Humanistic View on negative emotions (2)
Negative emotions stem from lack of positive regard, especially during childhood
Incongruence
- The match between our ideal self vs. Real self
- If match, can accept ourselves
- In turn accept others
Prejudice (3)
Negative attitudes
- Towards others because of their membership in a group, out-group
- Based on inaccurate, or fictitious information
- Like all long-held attitudes, resistant to change
Incomplete or fictitious information
Resistant to change
Origins of Prejudice (4)
Social Learning
- Conditioning, observational learning
- e.g. growing up in families with certain prejudice, modelled
Social Comparison, Social Categorization
- We divide the world into us and them (Social identity)
- In group/ out group
- Tendency to see own group as superior (ego-protection)
Social Cognition
- From the way we think about others, beliefs about specific social groups
Realistic Conflict Theory
- Direct inter-group competition or conflict
Prejudice: UCLA study
UCLA study:
- Quick flash of dots, guess how many
- Over-estimators vs. Under
- Asked about the characteristics of the other group
- Think own group is friendlier, and smarter, don’t want to socialize with the other group
Prejudice: Ms. Elliott and Her 3rd Grade Class
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
Community predominantly white
Therefore try grade 3 class
- Told them student with blue eyes were better, more privileged
The next day reverse the conditions
- Blue eyed students performed better on the day they were smarter,
- Academic performance swapped vice versa
Work together to complete a task: rely on each other:
Helps remove prejudice
Attachment: infant and caregiver(s) (3)
The strong, enduring affectional tie between
infant and caregiver(s).
Indiscriminant
Discriminant
Specific
Indiscriminant Attachment
- Newborn
- Positive emotional display not directed at anyone
Discriminant Attachment
- Familiar, 3 months
- Respond/prefer to familiar faces
- All members to the family
Specific Attachment
Begins 7-8 months
Formed 12 months
Types of Attachment (4)
Secure Attachment
Anxious-Resistant
Anxious-Avoidant
Anxious-Disorganized
Secure Attachment (4)
- Explore with parent as a base (make sure parent is there)
- May or may not cry on separation
- Reunion: easily comforted
- About 66% show such attachment
Secure Attachment: Future behaviour in relationships (2)
- Fewer behavioural problems, better social relationships
- Can form emotional relationships with others
Anxious-Resistant (4)
- Fearful even with parent present
- Very distressed when parent is absent
- Reunion: rejection, anger, but also desire to be close
- 10 – 15%
Anxious-Resistant Attachment: Future behaviour in relationships (4)
- Suspicious, excessive worry about partners
- Expect partner will leave at some point
- Ambivalent lovers – want to get close but insecure about relationships
- Can be easily frustrated or angered
