Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P 2 Lecture > CHP 17- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

CHP 17- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The point of the cone, which points toward the left hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The heart’s posterior side facing the posterior rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Externally, what is found at the boundary between the atria and ventricles?

A

An indentation known as the atrioventricular sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is located between the right and left ventricles?

A

The interventricular sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that bring blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the rest of the body (systemic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What takes place between the tiny air sacs in the lungs called the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries?

A

Gas exchange- oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, and CO2 diffuses from blood in capillarys to air in alveoli to be expired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between pressure in the pulmonary circuit vs the systemic circuit?

A

Pulmonary is a low pressure circuit whereas systemic is high pressure because it delivers blood to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the membranous structure surrounding the heart called?

A

The pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the components of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

A tough outer layer that attaches the heart to the surrounding structures; composed of collagen bundles that make it tough and enable it to anchor the heart to structures such as diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

A thin inner serous membrane that produces serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the layers of the serous pericardium?

A

The parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium or epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is visceral pericardium?

A

Considered the most superficial layer of the heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral pericardia?

A

The pericardial cavity, which is filled with serous fluid called pericardial fluid that acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction as the heart moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is deep to the visceral pericardium?

A

The myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two components of the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does cardiac muscle tissue consist of?

A

Cardiac muscle cells or myocytes and extacellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Giving cardiac muscle cells something on which to pull when they contract, structural support, and acting as an insulator for heart’s electrical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the deepest layer of hear wall?

A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is endocardium composed of?

A

Endothelium and connective tissue; endothelial cells are continuous with endothelial cells of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

A set of blood vessels collectively called the coronary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What coronary arteries emerge from left ventricle?
The right and left coronary arteries-- both travel to right and left atrioventricular sulci
26
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
The right coronary artery gives off several branches that supply the right atrium and ventricle - Marginal artery - Posterior interventricular artery
27
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Anterior interventricular artery (supplies interventricular septum) and circumflex artery
28
What are anastomoses?
Systems of channels formed between blood vessels
29
What are the coronary veins?
- Great cardiac vein - Small cardiac vein - Middle cardiac vein They all drain into the coronary sinus and then into posterior right atrium
30
What is CAD?
Coronary artery disease; caused by a buildup of fatty material or plaques in coronary arteries; decreases blood flow to myocardium causing myocardial ischemia
31
What is the purpose of valves?
To prevent backflow
32
Superior and inferior vena cava
Drain majority of systemic circuit into right atrium Superior- drains deoxy blood from veins superior to diaphragm Inferior- drains deoxy blood from veins inferior to diaphragm
33
Pulmonary trunk
Receives deoxy blood pumped from right ventricle; splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, which bring deoxy blood to right and left lungs
34
Pulmonary veins
Oxy blood returned to left atrium
35
Aorta
Supplies the entire systemic circuit with oxygenated blood
36
What are the auricles?
Muscular pouch on atrium that expand to give the atria more space to hold blood
37
What separates two atria?
Interatrial septum
38
What are the trabeculae carnae?
Both ventricles have a ridged surface created by irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle tissue
39
What are the papillary muscles?
Each ventricle contains fingerlike projections which attach to chordae tendinae
40
AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve (3 cusps)
41
AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid or mitral valve (2 cusps)
42
How do the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles work together?
The thin chordae tendinae attach to papillary muscles that contract just before the ventricles begin ejecting blood which creates tension to keep valves closed
43
Valves between right ventricle and pulmonary circuit?
Semilunar valves--- Pulmonary valve
44
Valve between left ventricle and systemic circuit?
Semilunar valve--- Aortic valve
45
Why do cardiac muscle cells not require stimulation from the nervous system?
Because their electrical activity is coordinated by a population of cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that trigger the other type of cardiac cells known as contractile cells
46
Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
- Striated - Branched with single nucleus - Shorter and wider than skeletal muscle cells - Contain abundant myoglobin - A lot of mitochondria - Intercalated discs that join pacemaker cells to cardiac muscle cells - Desomosomes and gap junctions
47
What are the sequence of events for CONTRACTILE CELLS
1. Rapid depolarization phase 2. Initial repolarization phase 3. Plateau phase 4. Repolarization phase
48
What does the plateau phase prevent?
Tetany by lengthening the refractory period, which allows the heart to relax and ventricles to refill with blood before the cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract again
49
Which node has the fastest rate of intrinsic depolarization?
The SA node; the rate is subject to influence from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system; 60 APs per minute
50
Where is the SA node located?
Upper right atrium
51
Atrioventricular node?
Posterior and medial to the tricuspid valve; slower than SA node; 40 APs per minute
52
What is the purkinje fiber system?
The slowest group of pacemaker cells; 20 APs per minute; has 3 components including the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle), right and left bundle branches, and terminal branches
53
What does autorhythmicity mean?
The heart does not require conscious intervention to elicit cardiac muscle to contract--- cardiac muscle sets its own rhythm without a need for input from nervous system
54
What coordinates cardiac electrical activity?
Cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells, which rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that spread to other type of cardiac muscle cells called contractile cells
55
What is significant about the AV bundle?
It is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
56
How are action potentials spread throughout cardiac muscle cells?
Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread rapidly
57
What happens at the AV node?
Conduction slows considerably because of less gap junctions and presence of nonconducting fibrous skeleton that surrounds AV node-- Known as AV node delay
58
What is the purpose of the AV node delay?
It allows atria to depolarize and contract before the ventricles, giving the ventricles time to fill with blood. Action pote3ntial then conducted from AV bundle to right and left bundle branches and depolarization spreads along Purkinje fibers to contractile cardiac muscle cells of ventricles
59
What does the P wave represent?
Depolarization of all cells within atria except SA node
60
What does QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization; hides atrial repolarization
61
What does T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization
62
R-R interval?
Time between two successive R waves; represents entire duration of generation and spread of action potential; measured to determine heart rate
63
P-R interval?
Represents time it takes for depolarization generated by SA node to spread through atria to ventricles
64
Q-T interval?
Duration of ventricular action potential
65
S-T segment?
Flat, because it is recorded during the plateau phase of ventricles
66
What drives blood flow through the heart?
Pressure changes!!! Valves prevent backflow of blood.
67
What phase are the ventricles in during ventricular filling?
Ventricular diastole
68
What phase are the ventricles in during ventricular ejection?
Ventricular systole
69
What happens to pressure when ventricles contract?
Their pressures rise above those in right and left atria and in pulmonary trunk and aorta, which cause blood to flow into great vessels. AV valves CLOSE, SL valves OPEN
70
What happens to pressure when ventricles relax?
Pressures in ventricles fall below those in atria and in pulmonary trunk and aorta. Higher pressures in pulmonary trunk and aorta push semilunars closed. Higher pressures in atria forces AV valves open
71
When is S1 heard?
When AV valves close
72
When is S2 heard?
When SL valves close
73
What is beats per minute known as?
Heart rate
74
What is the amount of blood pumped into pulmonary and systemic circuits in 1 minute?
Cardiac Output
75
What is the blood pumped in one heartbear?
Stroke volume
76
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO=HR x SV
77
How is stroke volume determined?
EDV- ESV
78
What is EDV?
End diastolic volume; amount of blood in ventricle after it has filled during diastole
79
What is ESV?
End systolic volume; amount of blood in ventricle at end of contraction
80
What are the three factors that influence stroke volume?
Preload, heart contractility, and afterload
81
What is ejection fraction?
Percentage of blood ejected with each ventricular systole; value should be equal for each ventricle
82
What is preload?
Length or degree of stretch of sacromeres in ventricular cells before they contract
83
What is a main determinant of preload?
End diastolic volume; EDV increases when ventricles spend more time in diastole because there is more time for them to fill with blood
84
What are two factors that influence EDV?
Length of time ventricles spend in diastole and amount of blood returning to right ventricle from systemic circuit (venous return)
85
What is the Frank- Starling law?
Relationship between preload and stroke volume. Increased ventricular muscle cell stretch leads to more forceful contraction. Because there is more stretch, there is a higher stroke volume

A&P 2 Lecture (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions