Chp 18 - Amines

Question 1

are derivatives of ammonia, NH3, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl or aromatic groups.

Answer 1

Amines

Question 2

contain N attached to one or more alkyl or aromatic groups.

Answer 2

Amines

Question 3

In the IUPAC names for amines, the e in the corresponding alkane name is replaced with ____

Answer 3

-amine

Question 4

Amines with a chain of ___(#) or more carbon atoms are numbered to show the position of the —NH2 group and any other substituents.

Answer 4

Three

Question 5

If there is an alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, the prefix __ and ___ are placed in front of the amine name.

Answer 5

prefix N and the alkyl name

Question 6

If there are two alkyl groups bonded to the N atom, the prefix N is used for each, and they are listed ____.

Answer 6

Alphabetically

Question 7

Steps to write IUPAC name:

Answer 7

S1: name the longest carbon chain bonded to the N atom by replacing the e of its alkane name with AMINE

S2: Number the carbon chain to show the position of the amine group and other substituents.

S3: Any alkyl group attached to the nitrogen atom is indicated by the prefix N- and the alkyl name, which is placed in front of the amine name.

Question 8

The amine of benzene is named ____ by IUPAC

Answer 8

Aniline

Question 9

How are Amines classified:

Answer 9

Primary (1°)
Secondary (2°)
Tertiary (3°)

Question 10

A _____ amine has one carbon group bonded to the nitrogen atom

Answer 10

Primary (1°)

Question 11

A _____ amine has two carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.

Answer 11

Secondary (2°)

Question 12

A _____ amine has three carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.

Answer 12

Tertiary (3°)

Question 13

Primary and secondary amines can form ____ bonds with water molecules.

Answer 13

Hydrogen

Question 14

Primary and secondary amines can form _____ bonds with each other.

Answer 14

Hydrogen

Question 15

Tertiary amines can only form _____ bonds with water molecules

Answer 15

Hydrogen

Question 16

Nitrogen is not as electronegative as oxygen, so hydrogen bonds in amines are _____ than the hydrogen bonds in alcohols

Answer 16

Weaker

Question 17

Amines have boiling points that are ___ than those of alkanes but ____ than those of alcohols.

Answer 17

Higher

Lower

Question 18

Primary (1°) amines can form more hydrogen bonds and have ____ boiling points than secondary (2°) amines of the same mass.

Answer 18

Higher

Question 19

Tertiary (3°) amines cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other and have ____ boiling points than primary or secondary amines of the same mass.

Answer 19

Lower

Question 20

Amines with one to ##? carbon atoms, including tertiary amines, are soluble in water.

Answer 20

Six

Question 21

As the number of carbon atoms in an amine increases in the nonpolar alkyl portions, the effect of hydrogen bonding is ____

Answer 21

Diminished

Question 22

A ___ ___ forms when amines such as those responsible for the odor in fish are neutralized by an acid

Answer 22

Amine Salt

Question 23

A ___ ___ forms when amines react as a Brønsted–Lowry base in a neutralization reaction with citric acid.

Answer 23

Amine Salt

Question 24

In a ___ ___ an amine acts as a base and reacts with an acid to form an ammonium salt.

Answer 24

Neutralization Reaction

Question 25

In a neutralization reaction the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom accepts H+ from an acid to give an ___ ___; no water is formed

Answer 25

Ammonium Salt

Question 26

An ammonium salt is named by using its alkylammonium ion name followed by the name of the negative ion

Answer 26

cool

Question 27

In a quaternary ammonium salt, | a nitrogen atom is bonded to four carbon groups, which classifies it as a ____ amine

Answer 27

Quaternary (4°)

Question 28

In a quaternary ammonium salt, the nitrogen atom has a ____ charge and is not bonded to an H atom.

Answer 28

Postive

Question 29

Ammonium salts are | ___ at room temperature, odorless, and ____ in water and body fluids.

Answer 29

Solids Soluble

Question 30

Amines are therefore usually converted to their ___ ___ before being used as drugs.

Answer 30

Ammonium Salt

Question 31

A heterocyclic amine is a cyclic organic compound that consists of a ring of five or six atoms, of which 1 or 2 are ____ atoms.

Answer 31

Nitrogen

Question 32

Simplest heterocyclic, five-atom ring:

Answer 32

Pyrrolidine, which is a ring of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, all with single bonds.

Question 33

____ is a five-atom ring with one nitrogen atom and two double bonds.

Answer 33

Pyrrole

Question 34

___ is a five-atom ring that contains two nitrogen atoms.

Answer 34

Imidazole

Question 35

Of the six-atom rings, ____ is responsible for the pungent aroma and taste of black pepper, is a six-atom heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom.

Answer 35

Pipreridine

Question 36

In ____, the structures of six-atom pyrimidine and five-atom imidazole are combined.

Answer 36

Purine

Question 37

___ and ___ rings are found in DNA and RNA

Answer 37

Purine and Pyrimidine

Question 38

___ are physiologically active compounds produced by plants that contain heterocyclic amines. Used in anesthetics, in antidepressants, and as stimulants, and many are habit forming

Answer 38

Alkaloids

Question 39

___ is an alkaloid found in coffee beans, tea, chocolate, and soft drinks. is a stimulant of the central nervous system. increases alertness but may cause insomnia

Answer 39

Caffeine

Question 40

alkaloids obtained from the oriental poppy plant. | used as painkillers and in cough syrups

Answer 40

Morphine and Codeine

Question 41

____, obtained by a chemical modification of morphine, is strongly addictive and is not used medically. The prescription drug OxyContin (oxycodone) is used to relieve severe pain. Its structure is similar to that of ____

Answer 41

Heroin

Question 42

A _____ is a chemical compound that transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to a target cell. Target cells may be another nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a gland cell

Answer 42

Neurotransmitter

Question 43

Neurotransmitters can be removed from the receptors in different ways (3)

Answer 43

1. The neurotransmitter diffuses away from the synapse. 2. Enzymes in the receptors break down the neurotransmitter. 3. Reuptake returns the neurotransmitter to the vesicles, where it is stored.

Question 44

Neurotransmitters contain nitrogen atoms as ____ and ____; | they are synthesized from compounds such as amino acids obtained from our diets.

Answer 44

Amines and Alkylammonium Ions

Question 45

Neurotransmitters contain nitrogen atoms as amines and alkylammonium ions; they are usually ionized, forming ___ cations and ____ anions

Answer 45

Ammonium Cations and Carboxylate Anions

Question 46

Acetylcholine is synthesized by forming an ____ between choline and acetate and is stored in the vesicles.

Answer 46

Ester

Question 47

Nerve poisons such as Sarin, Soman, and Parathion bind to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibit its action. result in a buildup of acetylcholine in the ____, stopping nerve transmissions. Because acetylcholine cannot be released, the muscles in the body cannot relax, and convulsions and respiratory failure soon occur

Answer 47

Synapse

Question 48

Catecholimines are synthesized from the amino acid ____ found in meats, nuts, eggs, and cheese.

Answer 48

Tyrosine

Question 49

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are synthetic ___ ___ ___ stimulants. increase excitatory catecholamine neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine

Answer 49

Central Nervous System

Question 50

Dopamine reuptake may be blocked by cocaine and amphetamines, leaving dopamine in the ____. High levels of dopamine may contribute to addictive behavior and schizophrenia.

Answer 50

Synapes

Question 51

____ is used to increase dopamine levels in the brain. Parkinson’s disease causes the midbrain nerve cells to lose their ability to produce dopamine.

Answer 51

L-Dopa

Question 52

Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine by the addition of a ___ ___ to the amine

Answer 52

Methyl Group

Question 53

____ is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, which can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 53

Serotonin

Question 54

Histamine is | synthesized in nerve cells in the hypothalamus from the amino acid ____

Answer 54

Histidine

Question 55

The most abundant neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

Answer 55

Glutamate

Question 56

When glutamate binds to its receptor cells, it stimulates the synthesis of ___ ___, also a neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 56

Nitrogen Oxide (NO)

Question 57

Gamma(γ)-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is produced from ____ reduces anxiety by inhibiting the ability of nerve cells to send electrical signals to nearby nerve cells. is involved in the regulation of muscle tone, sleep, and anxiety

Answer 57

Glutamate

Question 58

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Answer 58

Gamma(γ)-aminobutyric acid, or GABA

Question 59

Alcohol, sedatives, and tranquilizers increase the inhibitory effects of GABA. Caffeine decreases the GABA levels in the synapses, leading to conditions of anxiety and sleep problems.

Answer 59

Alrighty then

Question 60

____ are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which a nitrogen group (—NH2) of a primary or secondary amine replaces the hydroxyl (—OH) group of carboxylic acids

Answer 60

Amides

Question 61

Amides are produced | in a reaction called ___ or ___

Answer 61

Amidation or Condensation

Question 62

Amides are produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine and ___. Amide production is accompanied by the production of water.

Answer 62

Heat

Question 63

In both the common and IUPAC names, amides are named by dropping the oic acid (IUPAC) or ic acid (common) from the carboxylic acid name and adding the suffix ____

Answer 63

-amide

Question 64

Alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen of an amide are named with the prefix __ followed by the alkyl name.

Answer 64

N

Question 65

Amides do not have the properties of bases seen in amines. | Only ____ is a liquid at room temperature, while other amides are solids

Answer 65

Methanamide

Question 66

____ amides have the highest melting points because the —NH2 group can form the most hydrogen bonds.

Answer 66

Primary (1°)

Question 67

Melting points of the secondary (2°) amides are ____ because they form fewer hydrogen bonds.

Answer 67

Lower

Question 68

Tertiary (3°) amides cannot form hydrogen bonds; they have the ___ melting points

Answer 68

Lowest

Question 69

Primary (1°) amides, can form | hydrogen bonds with water molecules making them soluble in water as long as they have less than ____ carbons

Answer 69

Five

Question 70

Secondary (2°) amides | form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, making them soluble in water as long as they have fewer than ____ carbons.

Answer 70

Five

Question 71

Tertiary (3°) amides can form ___ hydrogen bond with H2O

Answer 71

only one

Question 72

The simplest natural amide:

Answer 72

Urea

Question 73

The end product of protein metabolism in the body. Excreted in the urine

Answer 73

Urea

Question 74

If the kidneys malfunction, urea is not removed and builds to a toxic level, a condition called ____

Answer 74

Uremia

Question 75

Aspirin substitutes contain phenacetin and acetaminophen. act to reduce fever and pain but have little anti-inflammatory effect

Answer 75

okey dokey

Question 76

Many barbituates are ___ ___ of barbituric acid. act as sedatives in small doses or sleep inducers in large doses. are habit forming

Answer 76

Cyclic Amides

Question 77

Cocaine is...

Answer 77

a helluva drug