Chp-3

Question 1

what are the types of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

red blood cells, oocytes, neurons, simple squamous epithelium, muscle cells, and sperm cells

Question 2

list four functions of the plasma membrane

Answer 2

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment and structural support

Question 3

what is intracellular fluid?

Answer 3

the fluid inside the cell or cystol

Question 4

what is extracellular fluid?

Answer 4

fluid outside the cell and between cells

Question 5

what is an anchoring protein?

Answer 5

forms links by attaching to the plasma membrane

Question 6

what are recognition proteins?

Answer 6

helps recognize cells as good or bad so it can either not let the cells join together or let the cells belong together

Question 7

glycoproteins are recognition proteins what do they do?

Answer 7

acts as a marker for other cells to recognize them and their cells functions

Question 8

what do enzymes do for the membrane?

Answer 8

catalyze cell reactions by lowering the activation energy needed

Question 9

examples of enzymes in the cell?

Answer 9

integral or peripheral proteins

Question 10

what are receptor proteins?

Answer 10

recognize ligands and hormones that are too big to get into the cell anyway and then it triggers a reaction on the plasma membrane

Question 11

what are carrier proteins?

Answer 11

binds to solutes and transfers them across the plasma membrane (sodium-potassium pump) may use ATP

Question 12

what are channel proteins?

Answer 12

allow things like water or ions to cross into the cell flowing down one’s concentration gradient

Question 13

what is the membrane-permeable too?

Answer 13

small solutes, nonpolar molecules, and hydrophobic molecules

Question 14

what is the membrane not permeable too?

Answer 14

water-soluble molecules, polar ones or hydrophilic molecules

Question 15

what is the concentration of specific ions that is higher on one side of the membrane opposed to the other to move the ions from a higher concentration to a lower concentration?

Answer 15

diffusion

Question 16

why is the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside?

Answer 16

there is many negatively-charged molecules inside the cell opposed to the positively charged ones outside the cell this creates a pull

Question 17

what are the factors affecting diffusion rate?

Answer 17

diffusion distance, size/mass of a molecule, temperature, steepness of the concentration gradient, electrical forces, and surface area

Question 18

what are the two types of diffusion?

Answer 18

simple (nonpolar/hydrophobic) and channel-mediated (ions, water-soluble, and hydrophilic)

Question 19

what is carrier-mediated transport used by?

Answer 19

integral proteins

Question 20

what is the characteristic or carrier-mediated transport?

Answer 20

specificity, saturation limits, and regulation

Question 21

what are the two types of carrier-mediated transport?

Answer 21

facilitated diffusion (passive) and active transport (requires ATP)

Question 22

Active transport primary?

Answer 22

ATP required and maintains concentration gradient

Question 23

Active transport secondary?

Answer 23

cotransport that two ions are brought into the cell together with one glucose and countertransport with two ions moving out of the cell

Question 24

what is vesicular transport?

Answer 24

a form of transport that is the last resort if molecules are too big for any other transport

Question 25

what is pinocytosis?

Answer 25

vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring fluid/small molecules into the cell

Question 26

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 26

vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring large particles into the cell

Question 27

in which cells do mitosis occur in?

Answer 27

somatic cells

Question 28

how are somatic cells duplicated?

Answer 28

by mitosis into two daughter cells from the original one

Question 29

what do centrosomes do?

Answer 29

essential during cell division by helping separate the cell

Question 30

what does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 30

strengthens and supports the cell and allow movement of cellular structures and materials

Question 31

what does the plasma membrane do?

Answer 31

isolates and protects the cell

Question 32

what do proteasomes do?

Answer 32

breakdown damaged intracellular proteins

Question 33

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 33

protein synthesis

Question 34

what do peroxisomes do?

Answer 34

catabolism of fats and other organic compounds

Question 35

what do lysosomes do?

Answer 35

intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

Question 36

what does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 36

used for storage, packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

Question 37

what do the mitochondria do?

Answer 37

produces ATP

Question 38

what does the rough er do?

Answer 38

has ribosomes and packages newly synthesized proteins

Question 39

what does the smooth er do?

Answer 39

synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Question 40

what does the nucleus do?

Answer 40

contains nucleotides and controls the metabolism and the storage/processing of genetic information. Also the control of protein synthesis