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Chp 3- Cardiovascular Examination Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the age risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • men > 45 years

- women > 55 years

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2
Q

What are the family history risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

-cardiac event in 1st degree male relative < 55 yrs, female < 65 yrs

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3
Q

What are the gender risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • men > risk than pre-menopausal women

- once menopause, risk is the same

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4
Q

What are the cholesterol level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • total < 200 mg/dL
  • LDL cholesterol <160 (low risk), <130 (mod risk), <100 (high risk)
  • HDL cholesterol: > 40 (men), >50 (women)
  • triglycerides: < 150 mg/dL
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5
Q

What are the diabetes level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A

HgA1C < 7%

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6
Q

What are the hypertension level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A 
systolic= <140 mmHg
Diastolic = <90 mmHg
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7
Q

What are the obesity level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A

BMI: 18.5-24.9
Waist: <40 in (men), <35 (women)

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8
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish color of skin, nail bed, lips, and tongue

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9
Q

Pallor

A

Washed out, absence of pink, rosy color

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10
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Excess sweating and cool, clammy skin

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11
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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12
Q

P-R interval

A

Time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to Purkinje fibers

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13
Q

QRS wave

A

Ventricular depolarization

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14
Q

ST segment

A

Beginning of ventricular repolarization

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15
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

QT interval

A

Time for electrical systole

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17
Q

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

A
  • premature beat from ventricle

- occurs occasionally in most people

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18
Q

What does a PVC look like on an ECG?

A
  • no p wave

- bizarre, wide, and premature QRS, followed by long compensatory pause

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19
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A
  • a run of three or more PVCs occurring sequentially

- usually the result of an ischemic ventricle

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20
Q

What does ventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?

A
  • wide, bizarre QRS waves

- no P wave

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21
Q

What is non-sustained ventricular tachycardia?

A

3 or more consecutive beats in duration

-terminates spontaneously in less than 30 seconds

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22
Q

What is sustained ventricular tachycardia?

A

VT > 30 seconds and/or requiring termination due to hemodynamics compromise in less than 30 seconds

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23
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

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A

A pulseless, emergency situation requiring emergency treatment
-chaotic activity of ventricles originating from multiple Foci

24
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation look like on an ECG?

Study These Flashcards
A

-bizarre, erratic activity without QRS complexes

25
What are Atrial arrhythmias and what do they look like on an ECG?
- supraventricular - rapid and repetitive firing of one or more ectopic foci in atria - P waves are abnormal or not identifiable - HR will be rapid with atrial tachycardia, flutter or fibrillation
26
What are atrioventricular blocks?
Abnormal delays or failure to conduct through normal conducting system
27
When does the ST segment become depressed?
-with impaired coronary perfusion
28
ST changes in leads over V1-V6 indicate what area is infarcted?
Anterior wall
29
ST changes in leads over V1-V2 indicate what area is infarcted?
Anteroseptal
30
ST changes in leads over V3-V4 indicate what area is infarcted?
Anteroapical
31
ST changes in leads over V5-V6, I, aVL indicate what area is infarcted?
Anterolateral
32
ST changes in leads over I and aVL indicate what area is infarcted?
Lateral wall
33
ST changes in leads over II, III, and aVF indicate what area is infarcted?
Inferior wall
34
ST changes in leads over V6-V7 indicate what area is infarcted?
Posterior wall
35
What does an ECG of a patient with Hyperkalemia look like?
- widened QRS - flattened P wave - T waves becomes peaked
36
What does an ECG of a patient with Hypokalemia look like?
- flattens T wave (or inverts) | - produces a U wave
37
What does an ECG of a patient with hypercalcemia look like?
- widened QRS | - shortened QT interval
38
What does an ECG of a patient with hypocalcemia look like?
-prolonged QT interval
39
What does an ECG of a patient with hypothermia look like?
- elevated ST segment | - slow rhythm
40
What does an ECG of a patient on quinidine drugs look like?
- QT lengthens - T wave flattens (or inverts) - QRS lengthens
41
What does an ECG of a patient on digitalis drugs look like?
- depresses ST segment - flattens T wave (or inverts) - QT shortens
42
What are the effects of beta blockers on an ECG?
- decreases HR | - blunts HR response to exercise
43
What are the effects of nitrate on a person?
- increases HR
44
What are the effects of antiarrhythmic agents on a person?
-may prolong QRS and QT intervals
45
What are the BP change of a patient who has orthostatic hypotension?
- systolic BP drops >20 mmHg | - diastolic BP drops >10 mmHg
46
What is common BP for infants (<2 yrs)?
Systolic: 106-110 Diastolic: 59-63
47
What is common BP for children 3-5 yrs of age?
Systolic: 113-116 Diastolic: 67-74
48
What is mean arterial pressure?
- arterial pressure within the large arteries over time | - dependent on mean blood flow and arterial compliance
49
How is MAP calculated?
(SBP + 2DBP)/3
50
What is normal MAP?
70-110 mmHg
51
What is orthopnea?
Inability to breathe when in a reclining or supine position
52
Define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Sudden inability to breathe occurring during sleeping
53
Define hypoxemia
- abnormally low amount of oxygen in the blood | - SaO2 levels <90%
54
Where does cardiac pain refer to?
Shoulders, back, arms, neck or jaw
55
Define diaphoresis and what can it be associated with?
- excessive sweating | - decreased cardiac output
56
Decreased or absent arterial pulses are associated with what disease?
Peripheral artery disease
57
What is clubbing of the fingers associated with?
- Chronic oxygen deficiency - chronic pulmonary disease - heart failure

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