Chp. 35 Flashcards
(26 cards)
This protease is released in the stomach and cleaves proteins at aromatic and acidic amino acid side chains?
Pepsin
via pepsinogen
This protease is released by the intestinal brush border cells and is key to activating the subsequent pancreatic proteases?
Enteropeptidase
AKA “Enterokinase”
Secreted as a zymogen by the pancreas this protease is the first activated by enteropeptidase and shows specificity for basic amino acid side chains.
Trypsin
Via trypsinogen
Secreted as a zymogen by the pancreas this protease is activated by trypsin and shows specificity for aromatic amino acid side chains.
Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic protease which attacks the carboxy- end of peptides releasing one amino acid at a time. The “A” version prefers this class of amino acids?
Hydrophobic Amino Acids
Family of protease which trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase belong to based on active site homology?
Serine proteases
These lysosomal proteases are “cysteine” proteases which cleave after aspartate.
Clathepsins
and Caspases
Large cytoplasmic complex which breakdown ubiquinated cellular proteins?
The proteasome
The PA700 cap complex activates a proteasome to become specific for these proteins?
Ubiquinylated proteins
The PA28 cap complex activates a proteasome to become specific for these proteins?
Short peptides
The majority of amino acids are transported across the intestinal membranes by co-transport with this ion?
Na+
Location of most active amino acid transport mechanisms for dietary amino acids?
The intestinal “brush border”
This organ filters out nitrogenous wastes and most simple amino acids. It reclaims the amino acids using secondary active transport.
The kidneys
Amino acids of this type are transported across the membranes of tissues independently of Na+
Branched chain and aromatic amino acids
Name the 3 non-polar, branched chain amino acids
Valine, leucine and isoleucine
This protein has a high turnover due to the short half-life of the cells which contain it?
Hemoglobin
Muscle proteins (especially alanine) are turned over to carry out this liver biosynthetic pathway?
Gluconeogenesis
As intestinal epithelial cells are sloughed off, these proteins are lost and hence have a high turnover rate.
Digestive enzymes
This amino acid is used to cycle amino groups to the liver while returning glucose to muscle?
Alanine
Since proteins cannot be used for energy storage, name 2 forms of macromolecules which the carbons from amino acids can be converted for storage?
Glycogen
Triglycerides
These cellular structures consist of cytoplasmic components are surrounded by membranes?
Autophagolysosomes
Lysosomal proteases that degrade proteins to amino acids and are triggered by starvation?
Clathepsins
Insulin causes Akt to phosphorylate this protein at a different site, inactivating it
TSC1/TSC2
This 76 aa protein covalently binds to e-amino group of lys in proteins; Marking them for degradation by Proteasomes
Ubiquitin
