chp 5

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

refers to forces within an individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work

Question 2

direction

Answer 2

refers to an individual’s choice among alternative ends or goals

Question 3

level

Answer 3

refers to the amount of effort put forth

Question 4

persistence

Answer 4

refers to the length of time a person sticks with a path of action, even in face of difficulty

Question 5

content or needs theories

Answer 5

identify different needs that may motivate individual behavior - physiological or psychological deficiencies that we feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate

Question 6

process theories

Answer 6

examine the thought processes that motivate individual behavior - cognitive processes - individual thoughts and decision tendencies

Question 7

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory

Answer 7

offers a pyramid of physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs. The first 3 are lower-order needs, and the other 2 higher-order needs.

Question 8

Alderfer’s ERG theory

Answer 8

identifies existence, relatedness, and growth needs

Question 9

Existence needs

Answer 9

desires for physiological and material well-being

Question 10

Relatedness needs

Answer 10

desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships

Question 11

Growth needs

Answer 11

desires for continued personal growth and development

Question 12

Acquired needs theory (McClelland)

Answer 12

need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power

Question 13

Need for achievement

Answer 13

desire to do better, to solve problems, or master complex tasks

Question 14

Need for affiliation

Answer 14

desire for friendly and warm relations with others

Question 15

Need for power

Answer 15

desire to control others and influence their behavior

Question 16

Herzberg’s two-factor theory

Answer 16

identifies job context as the source of job dissatisfaction and job content as the source of job satisfaction

Question 17

Hygiene factors

Answer 17

in the job context are sources of job dissatisfaction

Question 18

Motivator factors

Answer 18

in the job content are sources of job satisfaction

Question 19

Job enrichment

Answer 19

tries to build more motivator factors into job content

Question 20

emotional drives or needs model

Answer 20

Satisfy need to acquire, satisfy need to bond, satisfy need to comprehend, satisfy need to defend

Question 21

Adam’s equity theory

Answer 21

posits that people will act to eliminate any felt inequity in the rewards received for their work in comparison with others

Question 22

Perceived inequity

Answer 22

feeling under-rewarded or over-rewarded in comparison with others

Question 23

Felt negative inequity

Answer 23

occurs when an individual believes he or she has received relatively less than others in proportion to efforts

Question 24

Felt positive inequity

Answer 24

occurs when an individual believes he or she has received relatively more than other in proportion to efforts

Question 25

Ways to reduce perceived negative inequity

Answer 25

- reduce work inputs - change the outcomes received - leave the situation - change the comparison points - psychologically distort things - try to change the efforts of the comparison person

Question 26

organizational justice

Answer 26

concerns how fair and equitable people view workplace practices and outcomes

Question 27

procedural justice

Answer 27

is the degree to which rules are always properly followed to implement policies

Question 28

interactional justice

Answer 28

is the degree to which all people are treated with dignity and respect in decisions affecting them

Question 29

commutative justice

Answer 29

is the degree to which exchanges and transactions are considered fair

Question 30

Vroom's expectancy theory

Answer 30

argues that work motivation is determined by individual beliefs regarding effort-performance relationships and work outcomes

Question 31

Expectancy

Answer 31

probability that work effort will be followed by performance accomplishment

Question 32

Instrumentality

Answer 32

probability that performance will lead to various work outcomes

Question 33

Valence

Answer 33

value to the individual of various work outcomes

Question 34

Formula of motivation

Answer 34

motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence

Question 35

Goal setting

Answer 35

process of setting performance targets

Question 36

Management by objectives

Answer 36

process of joint goal setting between a manager or team leader and those who report to them

Question 37

distributive justice

Answer 37

degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy