chp. 5 vocab

Question 1

alpha helix

Answer 1

delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid, in the secondary structure

Question 2

catalyst

Answer 2

chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

Question 3

cholesterol

Answer 3

a type of steroid that’s a common component of animal cell membranes which help regulate the mebrane’s fluidity

Question 4

disaccharide

Answer 4

consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 5

glycosidic linkage

Answer 5

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 6

monomer

Answer 6

smaller molecules that are the repeating units that are building blocks of a polymer

Question 7

peptide bond

Answer 7

when a carboxyl group of one amino acid is by another amino acid’s amino group they can join together through a dehydration reaction to bond together

Question 8

primary structure

Answer 8

unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 9

quaternary structure

Answer 9

the overall protein structure that results from 2 or more polypeptides chains grouping into a functional macromolecule

Question 10

starch

Answer 10

what plants store for sugar, polymer of glucose monomers. Has an alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages that make them very strong

Question 11

amino acid

Answer 11

organic molecules with carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2). Has an R group that differs with each 20 different amino acid

Question 12

cellulose

Answer 12

a polysaccharide that is a big part of the plant’s strong cell’s wall. Has a beta l-4 glycosidic linkage which make long fibers that give the plant wall strength

Question 13

collagen

Answer 13

a fibrous protein(shaped like long fibers) that has helix shaped subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix giving the long fibers great strength

Question 14

disulfide bridge

Answer 14

covalent bonds that reinforce the shape of proteins in the tertiary structure

Question 15

hydrolysis

Answer 15

process that reverses the dehydration process, breaks bond between monomers with addition of water molecules

Question 16

monosaccharaide

Answer 16

have some multiple unit of CH2O, glucose most common, major nutrient for cells

Question 17

phospholipid

Answer 17

essential for cells because makeup cell membrane; type of lipid; has 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol

Question 18

protein

Answer 18

depended on for most dynamic functions in organisms; made of amino acids and consist of 1 or more polypeptides

Question 19

ribonucleic acid

Answer 19

RNA, gets directed by DNA on the code to make proteins

Question 20

steroid

Answer 20

what hormones are characterized as when have a carbon structure with 4 fused rings

Question 21

beta pleated sheet

Answer 21

2 or more regions of polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds part of 2 parallel polypeptide backbones, in the secondary structure

Question 22

chaperonin

Answer 22

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Question 23

dehydration reaction

Answer 23

how monomers are covalently bonded to each other through loss of water molecules

Question 24

enzyme

Answer 24

helps facilitate dehydration process, are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body

Question 25

lipid

Answer 25

don't mix well with water, and aren't large enough to be a macromolecule

Question 26

nucleic acid

Answer 26

compounds that include both DNA and RNA which allows organisms to reproduce their complex components from generation to generation. Are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides

Question 27

polypeptide

Answer 27

polymer of amino acids (many amino acids make polypeptides and many polypeptides make proteins)

Question 28

purine

Answer 28

larger 6 membered ring fused with a 5 membered ring (adenine and guanine)

Question 29

saturated fatty acid

Answer 29

no double bonds with as many hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton as possible (saturated with hydrogen)

Question 30

tertiary structure

Answer 30

overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains (R groups) of the amino acid

Question 31

carbohydrate

Answer 31

sugars and polymers of sugars, simplest carbs are monosaccharides(simple sugars)

Question 32

chitin

Answer 32

carbs used by anthropoids(spiders, insects,etc.) and fungi to build their exoskeleton

Question 33

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 33

DNA, gives directions for own replication, directs RNA synthesis, controls protein synthesis through RNA. genetic material that organisms inherit from parents

Question 34

gene

Answer 34

a unit of inheritance that programs the structure of amino acids in polypeptides

Question 35

MessengerRNA

Answer 35

mRNA, each gene along DNA molecule directs synthesis of mRNA which interacts with cells to direct making of proteins

Question 36

nucleotide

Answer 36

monomer of polynucleotides, made of a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a 5-carbon sugar

Question 37

polysaccharide

Answer 37

macromolecules, polymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 38

pyrimidine

Answer 38

6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine and thymine, and uracil with RNA)

Question 39

secondary structure

Answer 39

repeated coils and folds of a protein's polypeptides are the results of hydrogen bonds between repeating components of the polypeptide backbone

Question 40

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 40

has 1 or more double bonds formed by removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton; will have a kink in the chain where the double bond is