Chp 7-8 OTC drugs, Herbal & Dietary Supp/Gene Therapy

Question 1

Over the counter (OTC) drugs

Answer 1

medications that are legally available without a prescription

Question 2

How many OTC drugs are currently available?

Answer 2

over 300,000

Question 3

What are OTC drugs used for?

Answer 3

short-term treatment of common minor illnesses

Question 4

Why did the FDA initiate an OTC Drug Review in 1972?

Answer 4

to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the OTC products available, as well as to establish appropriate labeling standards.

Question 5

What happened as a result of the OTC Drug Review in 1972?

Answer 5

approx one-third of the OTC products were determined to be safe and effective for their intended uses, and one-third were found to be ineffective. A small number were considered to be unsafe, and the remainder required submission of additional data.

Question 6

When can a prescription drug be reclassified as an OTC?

Answer 6

If the drug meets the criteria for OTC drugs

Question 7

What are some drugs that have been reclassified as OTC?

Answer 7

Ibuprofen (Advil)
naproxen (Aleve)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
loratadine (Claritin)
famotidine (Pepcid AC)
omeprazole (Prilosec OTC)

Question 8

OTC medications now account for about what percent of all medications used in the U.S.?

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

What are the potential hazards of OTC drugs?

Answer 9

• may postpone effective treatment of more chronic disease states
• may delay treatment of serious and/or life-threatening disorders
• may relieve symptoms of a disorder but not the cause
• toxicity
• interactions with current prescription medications may occur
• abuse

Question 10

hepatotoxicity

Answer 10

chemical-driven liver damage.

Question 11

dietary supplement

Answer 11

broad term for orally administered alternative medicines and includes the category of herbal supplements.

Question 12

herbs

Answer 12

plant components, including bark, berries, rots, leaves, gums, seeds, stems, and flowers, used for their medicinal qualities

Question 13

herbal medicine

Answer 13

using herbs to heal

Question 14

complementary/integrative medecine

Answer 14

the simultaneous use of both traditional and alternative medicine

Question 15

What do consumers use herbs for?

Answer 15

• therapeutic agents for treatment and cure of diseases
• prophylactic agents for long-term prevention of disease
• proactive agents to maintain health and wellness and “boost” one’s immune system.

Question 16

What conditions can be treated with herbal products?

Answer 16

• anxiety
• arthritis
• colds/cough
• constipation
• depression
• fever
• headache
• infection
• insomnia
• stress
• ulcers
• weakness
• premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 17

What are some commonly used herbal products?

Answer 17

• aloe
• echinacea
• feverfew
• garlic
• gingko
• ginseng
• goldenseal
• hawthorn
• st. john’s wort
• saw palmetto
• valerian

Question 18

Nucleic acids

Answer 18

biochemical compounds consisting of two types of molecules: DNA and RNA

Question 19

DNA

Answer 19

deoxyribonucleic acid - makes up the chromosomes and encodes the genes

Question 20

RNA

Answer 20

ribonucleic acid - makes proteins from information from DNA

Question 21

Chromosomes

Answer 21

structures in the nuclei of cells that contain threads of DNA, which transmit genetic information, and are associated with ribonucleic acid molecules and synthesis of protein molecules

Question 22

Genes

Answer 22

the biological unit of heredity; a segment of a DNA molecule that contains all of the molecular info required for the synthesis of a biologic product such as an RNA molecule or an amino acid chain (protein molecule)

Question 23

Alleles

Answer 23

the two or more alternative forms of a gene

Question 24

genotype

Answer 24

the particular alleles present at a given site on the chromosomes that determine a specific genetic trait for that organism

Question 25

phenotype

Answer 25

the manifested physical trait of ones genotype

Question 26

inherited disease

Answer 26

a disease caused by passage of a genetic defect from parents to offspring

Question 27

genetic disease

Answer 27

any disease caused by a genetic mechanism

Question 28

acquired disease

Answer 28

any disease that develops in response to external factors and is not directly related to a person's genetic makeup

Question 29

genetic predisposition

Answer 29

certain genes in a person's cells that increase the likelihood of a specific condition

Question 30

genetics

Answer 30

the study of the structure, function, and inheritance of genes.

Question 31

What are the four organic bases in DNA?

Answer 31

Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

Question 32

chromatin

Answer 32

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Question 33

Human Genome Project

Answer 33

an unprecedented research project whose main goal was to identify the estimated 30,000 genes and 3 billion base pairs in the DNA of an entire human genome.

Question 34

What were additional goals of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 34

- developing new tools for genetic data analysis and storage - transferring newly developed technologies to the private sector - addressing the inherent ethical, legal, and social issues involved in genetic research and clinical practice

Question 35

What was the outcome of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 35

improved prevention, treatment, and cures for disease

Question 36

When was the Human Genome Project started and when did it end?

Answer 36

started in 1990 | completed in 2003

Question 37

Gene therapy

Answer 37

experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

Question 38

How does gene therapy work?

Answer 38

(gene transfer) doctors treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

Question 39

What are several approaches to gene therapy that are being tested?

Answer 39

- replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene - introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease - inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly

Question 40

what is the goal of gene therapy?

Answer 40

to transfer exogenous genes that will either provide a temporary substitute for, or initiate permanent changes in, the patient's own genetic functioning to treat a given disease.

Question 41

recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Answer 41

artificially produced DNA splices that are injected into the patient's body during gene transfer

Question 42

recombinant forms of drugs

Answer 42

drugs made using recombinant DNA (rDNA) vectors | especially biologic drugs such as hormones, vaccines, antitoxins, and monoclonal antibodies

Question 43

eugenics

Answer 43

the intentional selection before birth of genotypes that are considered more desirable than others.

Question 44

pharmacogenomics

Answer 44

the combination of two scientific disciplines: pharmacology and genomics; involves how genetics (genome) affect the body's response to drugs.

Question 45

genetic polymorphisms

Answer 45

variants that occur in the chromosomes of 1% or more of the general population

Question 46

personalized medecine

Answer 46

applications of pharmacogenomics

Question 47

DNA Microarray

Answer 47

(also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.