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Anatomy Chp 8 and 9 > Chp 8 > Flashcards

Chp 8 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Conducting cell of the nervous system

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2
Q

Action potential

A

Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the plasma membrane capable of spreading down the neuron or muscle membrane; nerve impulse

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3
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying toward a given point, such as a sensory neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the central nervous system

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4
Q

Axon

A

Fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

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5
Q

Central Canal

A

Channel in the center of an osteon of compact bone; channel in the center of the spinal cord that contain CSF

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Neuron fiber that conducts impulses toward the cell body

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7
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction of the membrane potential (charge) resulting from the entry of cations or the exit of anions

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8
Q

Effector

A

Muscle or gland that responds to a signal;effector organ

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9
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying away from a given point, such as a motor neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system

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10
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty material that covers and insulates the axons of some neurons

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12
Q

Neurilemma

A

Thin sheath that covers certain peripheral axons; aids in axon regeneration

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13
Q

nerve

A

Bundle of neuron fibers outside the central nervous system

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14
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a chemical synapse

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15
Q

Receptor

A

Specialized cell or ending of a sensory neuron that can be excited by a stimulus. Protein in the plasma membrane or other part of a cell that binds a chemical signal (hormone, neurotransmitter) resulting in change in cellular activity

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16
Q

Reflex

A

Simple, rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus

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17
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway through the nervous system from stimulus to response; commonly involves a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, central neuron(s), motor neuron, and effector

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18
Q

Repolarization

A

A change in the membrane potential that brings it closer that brings it closer to the resting value

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons or between a nueron and an effector

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20
Q

Nerve Tract

A

is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Simple reflex

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A

a rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons

22
Q

Spinal reflex

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A

A simple reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord alone and does not involve the brain

23
Q

Two structural divisions of the nervous system

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A
  • The central nervous system (CNS)

- The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

24
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

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A

Includes the brain and spinal cord

25
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Is made up of all the nerves outside the CNS - Includes cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain - All the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord
26
Remember
Even though cranial nerves attach to the brain, they are still part of the PNS
27
The CNS and PNS
together include all of the nervous tissue in the body
28
Two Function Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System | - Automatic Nervous System
29
Somatic Nervous System
Control:Voluntary (Conscious will) Effectors: Skeletal Muscle
30
Automatic Nervous System
Control: Involuntary (automatic activity) Effectors: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands -also called visceral nervous system
31
Structure of a Neuron
- The main portion of each neuron, the cell body, contains the nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells - Dendrites and Axons: 2 types of fibers extend from the neuron cell body - The myelin sheath
32
Components of the reflex arc
1. Receptor: The end of a dendrite or some specialized receptor cell, as in a special sense organ, that detects a stimulus 2.Sensory Neuron: call that transmits impulses toward the CNS 3, Central Nervous System: where impulses are coordinated and a response is organized 4. Motor Neuron: a cell that carries impulses away form the CNS 5. Effector: a muscle or a gland outside the CNS that carries out a response
33
Simplest Reflex
-A rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons
34
Location of a Synapse
-Between a neuron or a neuron and an effector
35
Purposes of Neuroglia
- Regulate fluid - Protect and nourish - Bind aid repair - act as phagocytes - form a barrier between blood in brain - act as stem cells to make new neurons
36
Steps in Action Potential
- Rising phase: A stimulus, such as an electrical, chemical, or mechanical signal of adequate force, causes specific channels in the membrane to open and allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell. Potential rises from -70mV to about +55mV - Falling phase: K+ channels open to allow K+ to leave the cell. The departure of of positively charged potassium ions causes the membrane potential to fall from about +55 back to -70mV
37
3 Major Divisions of Plexuses
- Cervical plexus - Brachial plexus - Lumbosacral plexus
38
Cervical plexus
- Supplies motor impulses to the neck muscles and receives sensory impulses from the neck and the back of the head - The phrenic nerve, which activities the diaphragm, arrives from this plexus
39
Lumbosacral plexus
- Supplies nerves to the pelvis and legs - The femoral nerve to the thigh is part of this plexus - The largest nerve is the sciatic (leaves)
40
Brachial plexus
- Sends numerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand - The median nerve emerges from the brachial plexus
41
Origin of Fibers (characteristics)
Sympathetic Nervous System: -Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; thoracolumbar Parasympathetic Nervous System: -Brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord; craniosacral
42
Location of Ganglia (characteristics)
Sympathetic Nervous System: -Sympathetic chains and three single collateral ganglia (celiac, superior, mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric) Parasympathetic Nervous System: -Terminal ganglia in or near the effector organ
43
Neurotransmitter at effector (characteristics)
Sympathetic Nervous System: -Mainly norepinephrine; adrenergic Parasympathetic Nervous System: -Acetylcholine; cholinergic
44
Effects (characteristics)
SNS -response to stress; fight or flight response PNS -reverses fight or flight (stress) response: stimulates some activites
45
pg 169
Study table 8-2
46
pg 163, 164
Read about the spinal cord
47
Role of Myelin in Nerve Impulse Conduction
- When myelin is present on an axon, however, it insulates the fiber against the spread of current - Speeds conduction
48
Neurotransmitters in Nerve Impulse conduction
- Norepinephrine - serotonin - dopamine
49
Neuron and a Nerve
Neuron: A conducting cell of the nervous system Nerve: Bundle of neuron fibers outside of the CNS
50
Neurotransmitters involved with each division of ANS
SNS: -Norepinephrine, adrenergic PNS: -Acetylcholine, Cholinergic

Anatomy Chp 8 and 9 (2 decks)

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