Chp 8 (finals)

Question 1

Define self-concept

Answer 1

The children’s identity or their set of beliefs of what they are like as individuals.

Question 2

Define psychosocial development

Answer 2

psychosocial development encompasses changes in both themselves and other’s behaviour

Question 3

define individualistic orientation

Answer 3

emphasizes personal identity and uniqueness of the individual

Question 4

define autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

Answer 4

18 months to 3 yrs
children either become more independent or autonomous if their parents encourage or they feel shame and guilt if restricted & overprotected

Question 5

define initiative vs guilt stage

Answer 5

3 yrs to 6 yrs
kids view of themselves changes as they face conflict b/w the desire to act independently & do things on their own and on the other hand the guilt that comes from failure when they don’t succeed

Question 6

define collectivistic orientation

Answer 6

Asian ppl
promote notion of interdependence

Question 7

define race dissonancce

Answer 7

phenomenon in which minority kids indicate preferences for mwjority values

Question 8

define corpus callosum

Answer 8

bundle of nerves that connects hemispheres of the brain

Question 9

define phallic stage

Answer 9

focus of the child’s pleasure relating to sexuality

Question 10

define identification

Answer 10

process where children

Question 11

define identification

Answer 11

process where children attempt to be similar to their same sex parents incorporating the parent’s attitudes

Question 12

define gender identity

Answer 12

perception of oneself as male or female

Question 13

define gender schema

Answer 13

a cpgnitive framework that organises info on basis of gender

Question 14

define cognitive developmental theory

Answer 14

given by LAURENCE KOHLBERG
rigidity is in part a preschooler’s understanding of gender

Question 15

define gender constancy

Answer 15

awareness that ppl are permanently male or female depending on unchangeable biological factors

Question 16

define androgynous

Answer 16

a state in which gender roles encompasses characteristics thought typical of both sexes

Question 17

define functional play

Answer 17

simple repetitive activities typical of 3 yr olds
eg: dolls, cars, skipping

Question 18

define constructive play

Answer 18

children manipulate objects to produce or build smth - age 4
eg, lego, puzzles

Question 19

define constructive play

Answer 19

children manipulate objects to produce or build smth - age 4
eg, lego, puzzles

Question 20

who gave social aspects of play?

Answer 20

Mildred Parton (1932)

Question 21

define parallel play

Answer 21

kids play with similar toys in similar manner but don’t interact with each other
early preschool years

Question 22

define onlooker play

Answer 22

kids watch others play but don’t participate themselves

Question 23

define associative play

Answer 23

2 or more kids interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys or materials, even thought they don’t do the same thing

Question 24

define associative play

Answer 24

2 or more kids interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys or materials, even thought they don’t do the same thing

Question 25

define co-op play

Answer 25

kids genuinely play with one another, take turns, devise contests

Question 26

who identified and who updated parenting?

Answer 26

Identified by Diana Baumrind Updated by Eleanor Maccoby

Question 27

define authoritarian parenting

Answer 27

controlling, punitive, righid & cold word is law

Question 28

define authoritative parenting

Answer 28

firm, setting clear & consistent limits try to reason, give explainations

Question 29

define permissive parenting

Answer 29

provide lax & inconsistent feedback require lil of their kids

Question 30

define uninvolved parenting

Answer 30

virtually no interest in kids indifferent rejecting behaviour

Question 31

define filial piety

Answer 31

an attitude of respect for parents & ancestors in societies influenced bu confucian thought

Question 32

define cycle of violence hypothesis

Answer 32

the abuse and neglect that children suffer predisposes them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children (widom, 2002)

Question 33

define psychological maltreatment

Answer 33

occurs when a parent or other caregiver harms the child's physical, emotional, behavioural, cognitive functioning

Question 34

define resilience

Answer 34

the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high level of psychological/ physical damage, such as extremes of poverty, prenatal stress, homes racked with violence, or other forms of social disorder

Question 35

define moral development

Answer 35

refers to changes in people's sense of what is right and wrong and in their behaviour related to moral issues

Question 36

define heteronormous morality

Answer 36

earliest stage rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable lasts from about age 4 to age 7

Question 37

define incipient co-op stage

Answer 37

age 7 to age 10 games become more clearly social

Question 38

define autonomous co-op stage

Answer 38

begins at age 10 kids become fully aware that game rules can be changed as long ppl who play agree

Question 39

define immanent justice

Answer 39

notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment

Question 40

define prosocial behaviour

Answer 40

helping behaviour that benefits others

Question 41

define abstract modelling

Answer 41

rather than always modellling the particular behaviour of others, older preschoolers begin to develop generalised principles that underlie the behaviour of others

Question 42

define empathy

Answer 42

understanding of what other indivudal feels empathy lies in heart of moral behaviour

Question 43

define aggression

Answer 43

intentional injury or harm to another person

Question 44

define emotional self- regulation

Answer 44

capability to adjust emotions to a desired state & lvl of intensity

Question 45

define instrumental aggression

Question 46

define relational aggression

Question 47

describe major developmental challenges that preschool age children face (5)

Question 48

xplain how preschool age children develop a concept of themselves (5)

Question 49

xplain how children develop a sense of racial identity and gender (5 /10)

Question 50

4 key approaches to gender development (imp)

Question 51

the development of frienships / describe the sorts of social relationship that preschool age children engage in (5)

Question 52

xplain how and why preschool age children play (10)

Question 53

categorizing play (5)

Question 54

social aspects of play (5)

Question 55

summarize how thinking changes in preschool years and emergence of theory of mind (5/10)

Question 56

emergence of theory of mind (5)

Question 57

preshoolers fam lives / describe ways in which family relations affect preschool age children (5)

Answer 57

286

Question 58

biological perspectives on gender

Answer 58

pg 276

Question 59

psychoanalytic perspectives to gender

Answer 59

pg 277

Question 60

social learning approaches to gender

Answer 60

278

Question 61

cognitive approaches to gender

Answer 61

279

Question 62

effective parenting / describe the kinds of disciplinary styles parents employ with preschool age shildren & what effects the have

Answer 62

287

Question 63

cultural differences in childrearing practices (5)

Answer 63

289

Question 64

emotional abuse & girl child neglect (5)

Answer 64

291

Question 65

reasons for physical abuse (5)

Answer 65

291, 292

Question 66

cycle of violence hypothesis (5)

Answer 66

292

Question 67

psychological maltreatment (5)

Answer 67

293

Question 68

resilience / define reslilience, & describe how it can help abused children (5)

Answer 68

294

Question 69

piaget's view of moral dev and evaluating piaget's view of moral dev (10)

Answer 69

296,297

Question 70

social learning approaches to morality (5)

Answer 70

298

Question 71

genetic approaches to morality (5)

Answer 71

299

Question 72

empathy & moral behaviour (5)

Answer 72

300

Question 73

describe how agression develops in preschool children (5)

Answer 73

300

Question 74

the roots of aggression (5)

Answer 74

301

Question 75

social learning approaches to aggression (5)

Answer 75

302

Question 76

viewing violence on tv: does it matter (5)

Answer 76

303

Question 77

cognitive approaches to aggression (5)

Answer 77

304