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T1 > Chpt. 1 T1 Signaling > Flashcards

Chpt. 1 T1 Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

3 characteristics of an analog signal

A
  1. frequency - speed Hz
  2. amplitude - size
  3. phase - position (degrees)
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2
Q

What is DDS?

Dataphone Digital Service

A

ATT’s digital data service.

Same as a T1 the only difference is the speed.

Slower than a T1 (2 to 56 Kbps).

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3
Q

What is (NCTE)?

A

Device that formats digital signal for compatibility with long distance networks.

(CSU/DSUs) are NCTEs.

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4
Q

CSUs fix BPVs?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Repeaters Fix BPVs

A

No

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6
Q

Chann. Banks support data?

A

Yes (DSO-A)

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7
Q

Repeater?

A
  • Tx signal from origin to destination w/o errors or affect signal.
  • Often cause of largest amount of problems.
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8
Q

Most popular types of D-Marks Connections.

A
  1. Modular
  2. Connectorized
  3. Punch Down
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9
Q

Diff. Between Chann. Banks and Mux.

A

Chann. Banks 1st T1 Mux.
24 Chann. Interface.
Encoding/Coding in / out of T1 Chann. Banks.
Analog Voice converted to DSO.

  • Mux descendant of Chann. Banks (Sophisticated computer controlled bandwidth Mgr.)
  • Multiplexers are mainly used to increase the amount of data that can be sent over the network within a certain amount of time and bandwidth.
  • A multiplexer is also called a data selector.
  • Multiple-input, single-output switch, and a demultiplexer as a single-input, multiple-output switch.
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10
Q

(CSU)

Chann. Service Unit

A

Network protection FCC part 68.

Test access point.

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11
Q

DACS?
Digital Access Cross Connects.
(Grooming/Like Destinations)

A

Grooming

Circuits from various locations are combined for traffic going to “like” destinations.

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12
Q

When are A bits transmitted?

A

6th Frame of the bit stream.

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13
Q

Diff between Framing / Formatting

A

Framing determines “when/where” a Chann. Is in the bit stream.

Formatting is how user bandwidth is divided/compatible at the end points of a network.

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14
Q

(CRC)

Cyclic Redundancy Checking

A

Error checking.

More accurate than BPV.

Checks Logic Errors too.

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15
Q

Phase?

A

Position of analog signal in degrees.

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16
Q

A/D Conversation?

A

Creates 1st step in T1 = (PCM)
Pulse Code Modulation.

(PCM) digital voices encoded content of a VF Chann. Generated by a modem.

Takes a signal from an analog sinewave to digital binary pulses to be compatible on a data network.

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17
Q

Purpose of Framing?

A

Allows device to know “when/where” a Chann. is in a digital bit stream.

Must know what bit is next / how many have passed.

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18
Q

How many Frames make up a “SuperFrame”

A

12

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19
Q

DSI Frame holds how many Chann.

A

24

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20
Q

How many Chann. Are in a “Standard T1 Format?

A

24

21
Q

Main diff. Between “SF / ESF”

A

“SF” 12 Frames for voice signaling/Uses Data lines to detect errors and no maintenance Chann. for testing.

“ESF” has (CRC) for error checking and secondary Maintenence Chann. so testing does not disrupt all circuits.

22
Q

Fractional T1 does not Require Synchronization?

A

False.

23
Q

Why is Synchronization an issue?

Locks all network clocks in phase/freq.

A

Accuracy/Stability are grouped together that’s “Synchronization”.

Locks all network clocks in Phase / Freq. to common network Freq.

24
Q

Stability?

Clock Never Changes

A

A clocks performance with no other clock source.

Free running

Same time never changes.

25
Q

Accuracy?

A

Identical bit rates (Same Freq).

26
Q

Stability and Accuracy same?

A

No

27
Q

Slip?

2 Bit streams/Diff Bit rates

A

2 bit streams with diff. Bit rates.

2 types Of slips - controlled/uncontrolled.

28
Q

Stratum?

4 Stratum

A

Clock source with long term Stability/Accuracy.

29
Q

BSRF?

Bell System Ref. Freq.

A

Clock source with long term accuracy.

Analog primary clock ref.

Stable enough for 2nd clock source to come from.

30
Q

Plesiochronous?

N.S.M.S.N. - Large areas

A

Non-Synchronous/Hierarchial master-slave network.

Own physical clock source.

For large areas.

31
Q

Demand Assignment?

Phone A - Phone B

A

T1 Bandwidth used only when needed by a phone with multiple users.

Ex. Phone A not being used, Phone B gets all bandwidth if it is used. (Saves Money).

32
Q

Digital Bandwidth is measured?

A

(Bps) Bits per second.

33
Q

Analog Bandwidth is measured?

A

Hertz (Hz)

34
Q

T1 Signaling In-Band or Out of Band?

A

Standard T1 options use “in-band “signaling.

35
Q

SS7?

A

European CCITT Protocol. (CC) Common Control.

Most popular Common Chann. Signaling.

2 Operating configs.

  1. Call Circuit Switching.
  2. Database Access/Number Conversion.
36
Q

Common Control Signaling?

Mux several input chann. into - 1 “dedicated” output chann.

A

Uses multiplexing to combine signal request of several Chann. Into a separate Chann. Dedicated to exclusive signal.

37
Q

Supervision?

A

Monitor condition of network connections for a change in signal status.

38
Q

Signaling?

Communication between User/Network

A

User communicates service request to a network.

Network communicates service status to user.

39
Q

ADPCM?
Adaptive Differential (PCM)
(Tracks incoming speech guesses samples).

A

16-32 kbps.

Tracks incoming speech - guessing samples.

Sends diff. To other end

4 bits 8000 times per second.

40
Q

Which Publication defines the operation of a Chann. Bank?

A

Publication 43801

41
Q

When is V.35 Used?

A

Used for 56kbps or faster data communication.

Speeds 0-72kbps.

42
Q

More than 1 data circuit per DS-0 is called?

A

DSO-B

43
Q

How is Analog Data Handled?

Voice grade data on voice chan

A

Appears as Voice Chann.
(Voice grade data)

No special equip.

Converted through Modem to binary pulses (PCM).

44
Q

Speed limitation of RS-232?

A

Speeds up to 20kbps.

45
Q

Why is RS-449 unpopular?

A

Large 37 pin connector.

No new functions for extra pins.

46
Q

What is advantage of Balanced Signaling?

A

2 wires for signaling Tx / Rx.

Higher immunity to noise.

Higher speeds over longer distances.

47
Q

What is a secondary Chann?

A

Used for device-to-Device communication w/o disturbing user data transmission.

Uses control bit 1 / 3.

48
Q 
Sonet Multiplexing (Hierarchy)
OCs - Optical Carriers Tx Rates
A 
Optical Carrier:
----------------
OC-1-51.8 mbps
OC-3-155.1 mbps
OC-12-622 mbps
OC-48- 2.5 Gbps 
OC-192-10 Gbps 
OC-768-40 Gbps 
Sonet Signal:
----------------
STS-1
STS-3
STS-12
STS-48
STS-192
Bit Rate:
----------------
51.8 Mbps
155.5 Mbps
622 Mbps
*2.5 Gbps*
*10 Gbps*
*40 Gbps*
Capacity:
----------------
DS3 - 1
DS3 - 3
DS3 - 12
DS3 - 48
DS3 - 192
49
Q

SONET

A

Synchronous Optical Networking.

Fiber Optic Networks.

T1 (14 decks)

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