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Pharmacology > Chpt 2: Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chpt 2: Cardiovascular system Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is the most common cardiovascular disease?

A

Hypertension (HTN)

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2
Q

What are the two mechanisms that cause HTN?

A

-increased fluids and vasoconstriction
Both cause an increase of pressure in the arteries

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3
Q

What can a person do to control HTN?

A

lifestyle modification and medication

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4
Q

Diuretics

A

work by increasing sodium and water excretion from kidney, thereby reducing blood volume (only one that helps with increased fluid)

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5
Q

Types of diuretics

A

Thiazide: hydrochlorothiazide- HCTS
Loop: Lasix (furosemide)–> lose potassium
Potassium sparing

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6
Q

Adverse reactions of diuretics

A

hypotension and electrolyte imbalances

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7
Q

what are beta blockers?

A

work by blocking vasoconstriction, decreasing heart rate and BP, and increase blood flow to the kidneys

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8
Q

what are the beta blocker actions?

A

B1- blocker affect (1 heart)
B2- blocker affect (2 lungs)

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9
Q

ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme)

A

preventions conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor) thereby causing vasodilation

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10
Q

Calcium Channel blockers

A

blocks calcium moving into the muscle cells

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11
Q

what do adrenergic blockers (alpha 1 blockers) do?

A

-Inhibited alpha 1 receptors and cause vasodilation
-Also block alpha 2 receptors which increase
-Common A1 blocker: Flomax (tamsulosin)

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12
Q

Common CCBs

A

Narvasc (amlodipine)
Cardizem (diltiazem)
Adverse reactions: hypotension

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13
Q

Vasodilators

A

produce smooth muscle relaxation of blood vessels (most important)

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14
Q

Common vasodilators

A

-Apresoline (hydralazine)
-Imdur (isosorbide mononitrate)
-Antihypertensive: breakdown by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
Adverse reactions: hypotension

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15
Q

Antihyperlipidemic

A

drugs that treat high lipids in the body

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16
Q

Total Cholesterol=

A

HDL cholesterol + LDL cholesterol+ 20% of Triglycerides

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17
Q

HMG-COA reductase–>

A

statin drugs

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18
Q

Statin drugs info

A

-Adverse reactions:GI disturbance, HA (headache)
-Contraindication: liver failure and patients with hx of alcoholism
***Cannot eat or drink a lot of grapefruit/ grapefruit juice, also with beta blockers because it can cause the drug to become toxic in the body

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19
Q

Fibric Acid Derivatives

A

-Tricor (fenofibrate)
-Adverse reaction: GI disturbance
-Contraindications: patients w/ impaired renal or hepatic function

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20
Q

Miscellaneous Fibric Acid Derivatives

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A

Niacin- OTC: herbal medication
-Adverse reaction: GI disturbance, generalized flushing, severe itching/tingling (aspirin can help w/ the flushing)
-Precautions: patients w/ renal impairment, high alcohol
Lipid lowering herbal medicine: Fish oil and garlic

21
Q

Antianginal (decreased blood flow)

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A

Nitrates: cause a relaxation of the smooth muscle layer in blood vessels–> allows more blood into vascular structures –> allows more oxygen to get to tissues

22
Q

Common nitrate drug

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A

Nitro-Bid (nitroglycerine) as sublingual pill, buccal, transdermal patch, or topical ointment
-Must be kept in a dark container as it degrades with light
-Can be taken up to 3 times in a 15-minute period
Adverse reactions: hypotension
Contraindications: renal or hepatic impairment

23
Q

Anticoagulant (reduces bloods ability to clot) and Thrombolytic (stationary blood clot)

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A

Antiplatelets: decrease responsiveness of platelets to aggregate which create a platelet plug when aggregating in an area

24
Q

Common Antiplatelet

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A

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid-ASA)
-Plavix (clopidogrel)
Adverse reactions: increased bleeding
Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation
Precautions: bleeding disorders

25
Anticoagulant-coumadin (warfarin)
works by depleting prothrombin in the clotting cascade
26
Anticoagulant-coumadin (warfarin) extra info
-Adverse reaction: bleeding -Overdoses: bleeding from the gums, excessive menstrual bleeding -Contraindication: patient w/ hemorrhagic disease **Education: limiting intake of greens (high in vitamin K-which is the antidote for warfarin)
27
Anticoagulant-HeparinInhibits
Inhibits conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin as well as lowering other clotting factors
28
Anticoagulant-Heparin extra info
-Adverse reaction: thrombocytopenia (low level of platelets) and bleeding -Contraindications: bleeding disorders
29
Thrombolytic
convert plasminogen to fibrinolysin to break down clots in emergencies
30
Thrombolytic extra info
Common drugs: suffix -ase -Activase (alteplase) -Retavase (reteplase recombinant) -TNKase (Tenecteplase) Adverse reaction: bleeding Precautions: patients w/ recent major surgery
31
Antianemia (Iron deficiency anemia)
-ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate (OJ increases absorption-ascorbic acid) -Adverse reaction: GI upset, dark stool, NVD -Contraindications: patients w/ other types of anemia -Absorption is decreased when taking coffee and tea
32
Pernicious anemia
lack of vitamin B12; vitamin B12 (alcohol decreases absorption
33
Whats the normal level for cholesterol (lipid panel)
Below 200
34
Normal range of Hemoglobin in men and women
men: 14-18 g/dl women: 12-16 g/dl
35
What is hematocrit?
% of red blood cells in the blood
36
What is the normal level of hematocrit in men and women?
Men: 42%-52% Women: 37%-47%
37
What is Coumadin
prothrombin/time (PT) (if # is off either bleeding isn’t good enough or too much)
38
Heparin and Coumadin
PTT- Partial Thromboplastin Time (Coumadin) APTT- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (Heparin)
39
Heart Labs
-BNP(brain natriuretic peptide): related to congestive heart failure -CK(creatine kinase): dx ANY muscle breakdown, not just heart
40
MI specific markers
1. will see elevation of CK 2. creatine kinase muscle/brain (CK-MB) 3. troponin
41
EKG
Assesses the heart's electrical activity 1st = P wave: atrial depolarization (atria are contracting) (AD) 2nd = QRS wave: ventricular depolarization (VD) 3rd = T wave: ventricle repolarization (VR) ****Everything is in alphabetical order****
42
What waves of the EKG happen at the same time?
atria repolarization happens at the same time as ventricular depolarization; the QRS wave hides it because its so big so we cannot see it (AR)
43
Holter Monitor
-another form of continuous EKG monitoring -can stay on as long as the doctor needs the patient to (longest is usually 3 days
44
Stress Test
used to measure heart efficiency during dynamic exercise
45
Echocardiogram
-takes sound waves to get a picture of the heart -uses ultrasound
46
Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
-placing the transducer down the esophagus to get a picture of the heart (w/ sound waves) -NPO will always be before a diagnostic test with anything passed down the throat: 4-8 hours -NPO after test until gag reflex comes back
47
Angiogram
-picture of a vascular structure -pass camera thru arteries to assess the heart -if you want to look at the left side of heart, with use vein -if you want to look at the right side of heart, with use an artery
48
Angiogram Pretest and Postest
Pretest care: NPO 6-8 hours and contrast may cause hot flashes and heart palpitations which are normal side effects (contrast will not be given to ppl with kidney failure) Posttest care: bed rest and dressing covering entrance is monitored

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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