Chpt 4-6 Terms Flashcards

Question

Colour Blindness

Answer 1

Caused due to an absence of cones or brain damage Monochromats - only one type of cone is present, and all colour vision is lost dichromates - two cones are present trichromats - how humans see colour

Answer 2

Colour is seen in 3 pairs of opponent cells - red/green blue/yellow black/white Afterimages appear in complimentary colours and illustrate opponent processing Ganglion retina cells and cells in the visual area of the thalamus that respond to red or blue don't respond to green or yellow.

Answer 3

Blind individuals are aware of there surroundings Bliind individuals suffer V1 damage (primary visual cortex) > Info flows to the visual association cortex, bypassing V1 because the normal pathway to visual areas is blocked > This accounts for how blind people can somewhat navigate

Answer 4

Deficit in object perception, inividuals can identify shape/colour but can't recognize object names

Answer 5

Frequency of wave Pitch increases, Frequency increases Younger individuals are more sensitive to higher-pitch

Answer 6

Height of sound wave corresponding to loudness

Answer 7

Quality/Complexity of sound e.g. instruments

Answer 8

Malleus, Incus, Stapes or Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup.

Answer 9

Part of the inner ear that converts mechanical vibrations to neural activity. Inner cavity of the Cochlea is filled with a thick liquid that triggers cilia with pressure, sending action potentials. Organ of Corti/Basilar Membrane: Hair cells embedded within them where transduction occurs Pitch Theory: The primary auditory cortex processes different tones in different areas of the basilar membrane. Cilia at the base of the membrane are excited by high-pitch, as the cilia at the top are excited by low-pitch

Answer 10

1. Frequency Theory: Rate of action potential faithfully reproduces pitch up to 100Hz (max action potential) 2. Volley Theory: Variation of frequency theory works for 100-5000Hz, slightly out of sync with each other. Therefore the overall rates contribute to 5000Hz

Answer 11

Malfunctioning of the ear e.g. failure of eardrum or ossicles

Answer 12

- Accompanied by Tinitis - Byproduct of loud noise is loss of sensory cells and degeneration of optic nerve - Most people lose hearing with age

Answer 13

Sense of taste Papillae: bumps on the tongue containing numerous taste buds (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami) each separate from each other. - Individual receptors are weakly concentrated in certain locations - Any location on the tongue is slightly sensitive to all tastes

Answer 14

Odours interact with sense receptors in nasal passage. > Relayes info to Limbic System and Olfactory Cortex. > Taste receptors follow a similar process > Smell and taste converge in orbitofrontal Cortex.

Answer 15

Sense of Smell - Parts of the limbic system, such as the amygdala, distinguish pleasant and unpleasant smells.

Answer 16

Odourless chemicals that signal sexual behaviour.

Answer 17

Located between the bone between the nose and mouth in some animals, that detects pheromones

Answer 18

Sense of the body position

Answer 19

Sense of balance

Answer 20

Responds to stimuli applied to the skin e.g. touch, pressure, temperature, pain which are sensed by mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings - Nerves are unevenly distributed throughout the body - Touch travels faster than pain - Touch informs immediate surroundings and urgent matter - Pain signals to tend to injuries Withdrawn Reflex: Triggered by pain e.g. pulling away from a hot stove

Answer 21

Changes that occur every 24 hours in our biological processes e.g. hormone release, brain waves, body temperature, drowsiness Disruption in the biological clock increases risk of: - injury/fatal accidents - health problems - obesity - diabetes/heart disease

Answer 22

- Learning and Long-term memory formation - Remembering emotional memory- - Immune system - Plan, reason, and function to the best of our ability - Conservation of energy to reduce food intake (evolutionary perspective)

Answer 23

Location of 20,000 neurons in the hypothalamus makes us feel drowsiness at different times of the day/night. Essentially triggers a sense of fatigue.

Answer 24

Newborns: 16 hours Post-secondary students: up to 9 hours The majority of people need 7-10 hours. Insufficient sleep can cause short-term effects of irritability and loss of concentration. Long-term effects can lead to "sleep debt" (requires several nights of sleeping a few extra hours to pay off), brief hallucinations, weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes/heart problems, lower immune system

Answer 25

Excessive sleep disorder

Answer 26

Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes 1. Lasts 5-10 minutes. Our brain produces Theta Waves, due to the 50% lowered activity. Theta Waves: occur 4-7 times per minute Hypnagogic Imagery: experiences as we drift deeper into sleep and become more relaxed. Dream-like images that flit in and out of consciousness and sudden jerks of limbs are experienced. 2. Brain waves further slow down and sleep spindles (intense bursts of electrical energy) and K-complexes (sharply rising and falling waves) are apparent under EEG. - brain activity decelerates - heart rate slows - body temperature decreases - muscles further relax - eye movement stops -65% of sleep is in stage 2 3 & 4. Occurs after 10-30 minutes, where deeper slow-wave sleep begins. Delta Waves are present. Delta Wave: slower waves that appear 20-50% of the time in stage 3 and more than half the time in stage 4 5. After 15-20 minutes we return to stage 2 before transitioning to REM sleep. REM Sleep: high-frequency, low-amplitude waves, resembling those of being awake. Eyes are rigorously moving, our body is paralyzed while our brain is active. During rem sleep, heart rate and blood pressure increase, and breathing is irregular. Rem is 20-25% of a night's sleep. After 10-20 minutes of REM, the cycle repeats.

Answer 27

REM: emotional and illogical NREM: often shorter, repetitive and thought-like

Answer 28

Amount and intensity of REM increases when deprived. Moreover, indicating REM's importance in biological function

Answer 29

A phenomenon that occurs during REM, in which muscles of the middle ear become active, almost as theyr'e assisting us to hear sounds in the dream.

Answer 30

Being aware that one is dreaming due to parts of the cerebral cortex associated with self-perception rev up with activity.

Answer 31

Brain and body are active during REM, an early indicator of dementia or Parkinsons' disease

Answer 32

- Insomnia - Narcolepsy - Sleep Apnea - Night Terrors - Sleep Walking

Answer 33

- Trouble falling asleep - Walking up too early - Waking up in the middle of the night and struggling to fall back asleep Experienced by individuals who suffer from depression, continual pain, or other medical conditions. Other causes include stress, relationship problems, caffeine, or day-napping

Answer 34

A phenomenon of more difficulty sleeping due to long-term use of sleeping pills.

Answer 35

Episodes of sudden sleep lasting a few seconds/minutes. Episodes are often accompanied by vivid hallucinations Cataplexy: Experienced by some people with narcolepsy, there is a complete loss of muscle tone, causing people to fall. Cataplexy is experienced by healthy people in REM, but while still alert in those with narcolepsy. Orexin: a hormone that triggers sudden attacks of sudden sleepiness, those with narcolepsy have brain cells that produce insufficient orexin

Answer 36

Blockage of the airway during sleep, causing insufficient supply of O2 - Loud snoring - Short stops of breathing, waking individual up - No awareness of these multiple wakings - night sweats - weight gain - hearing loss - irregular heartbeat - risk of cognitive impairments (e.g. dementia)

Answer 37

Screaming and crying for a few minutes followed by falling into a deep sleep. Almost exclusive to children.

Answer 38

Happens with sleep deprivation and involves minimal activity. Occurs during REM.

Answer 39

- processing emotional memories - integrating new experiences with established memories to create a mental model of the world - learning new strategies and ways of doing things - stimulating threatening events so we can better cope - reorganizing memories

Answer 40

Dreams are guardians of sleep. During sleep, the ego (acts as a mental censor) is less able to keep sexual and aggressive instincts repressed. Dream-work disguises and contains sexual and aggressive impulses by transforming them into symbols that represent wish fulfillment - how we wish things could be. This is why dreams must be deciphered and interpreted. Manifest Content: details of the dream Latent Content: true, hidden meaning of the dream

Answer 41

1. Most dreams are sexual in nature and account for 10% of dreams we remember 2. Many dreams don't appear to be disguised (everyday activities) 3. Doesn't account for individuals with trauma who experience repetitive nightmares

Answer 42

Proposes dreams reflect the brain's activation during sleep, rather than repressed unconscious wishes. Activation: - REM is turned on by neurotransmitter surges of acetylcholine, which activates neurons in the pons, while serotonin and norepinephrine are shut down. - This decreases reflective thought, reasoning, attention, and memory. - The activated Pons signals to the Lateral geniculate nucleus of the Thalamus a relay for sensory info to the forebrain. Synthesis: The forebrain then assembles a meaningful story. The Net result of this change is the reason for dreams.

Answer 43

Claims that dreams reflect more than just random neural impulses activated by the brain stem (pons). Dreams are supported by the brain's default network and are a meaningful product of cognitive abilities.

Answer 44

Dreams mirror circumstances, there is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences.

Answer 45

Realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli. Visual: occurs due to oxygen/sensory deprivation, epilepsy, fever, dementia, migraines Auditory: occurs due to mistakenly attributing thoughts/inner speech to an external source Auditory Verbal: psychotic individuals have more negative and less controlled hallucinations than nonpsychotic

Answer 46

Extraordinary sense of consciousness leaving the body. Occur with drug usage, meditation, migraines, seizures, or when extremely relaxed/stressed. OBE also occurs in NDE. Explanation: When the senses of touch and vision are scrambled, there is a disruption of our physical body's experience

Answer 47

OBE was reported by people who almost died. Explanation: Changes in brain chemistry associated with cardiac arrest, anesthesia, and other physical trauma. May result from massive release of endorphins in a dying brain as well as oxygen deprivation.

Answer 48

Last only for a few moments but leaves a lasting, lifelong impression. A sense of unity or oneness with the world is experienced. This phenomenon is associated with spirituality and religion, or social isolation.

Answer 49

Interpersonal situation in which imaginative suggestions are used to change consciousness. Induction: the first step in hypnosis, that creates positive expectations for responses to the following suggestions. Active-alert Induction: individuals are physically active while following relaxing hypnotic suggestions Self-hypnosis: Suggestions are self-administered.

Answer 50

1. Hypnosis produces a trance state where "amazing" things happen 2. Hypnotic phenomena are unique (people can experience hypnotic phenomena without hypnosis) 3. It is a sleep-like state 4. People are unaware of their surroundings 5. People forget what happened during hypnosis 6. Memory enhancement

Answer 51

A therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and age-regresses patients to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem.

Answer 52

Sociocognitive Theory: Attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as response to waking imaginative suggestions, shape response to hypnosis. Disassociation Theory: Division of consciousness, in which attention is carried out without awareness. This results in a separation between personality functions that are normally well-integrated.

Answer 53

during hypnosis, a separated consciousness is formed in an individual's mind which is able to observe the individual

Answer 54

Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that was associated with another stimulus that elicits an autonomic response.

Answer 55

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Answer 56

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the uncontrolled stimulus.

Answer 57

Sudden re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure.

Answer 58

Sudden re-emergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired.

Answer 59

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Answer 60

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 61

Learning is controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour

Answer 62

Principle asserts that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, it is more likely to give rise to the behaviour in the future.

Answer 63

Learning that is not directly observable.

Chpt 4-6 Terms Flashcards

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