chpt2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
observation
the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.
hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
prediction
a thing predicted; a forecast.
experiment
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
variable
A variable is a quantity that may change within the context of a mathematical problem or experiment. Typically, we use a single letter to represent a variable. The letters x, y, and z are common generic symbols used for variables.
experimental group
noun. (in an experiment or clinical trial) a group of subjects who are exposed to the variable under study: a lower infection rate in the experimental group that received the vaccine.
control group
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other
data
Data are characteristics or information, usually numerical, that are collected through observation. In a more technical sense, data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or objects, while a datum is a single value of a single variable
correlation
in statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. In the broadest sense correlation is any statistical association, though it commonly refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related.
statistics
the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample.
mean
There are several kinds of mean in mathematics, especially in statistics. For a data set, the arithmetic mean, also called the expected value or average, is the central value of a discrete set of numbers: specifically, the sum of the values divided by the number of values
distribution
the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.
probability
the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case.
sample
In statistics and quantitative research methodology, a sample is a set of individuals or objects collected or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure. The elements of a sample are known as sample points, sampling units or observations
risk
n simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. Risk involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity with respect to something that humans value, often focusing on negative, undesirable consequences. Many different definitions have been proposed
model
a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original.
conceptual model
A conceptual model is a representation of a system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents. It is also a set of concepts.
mathematical model
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines, as well as in non-physical systems such as the social sciences
value
In economics, economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent. It is generally measured relative to units of currency, and the interpretation is therefore “what is the maximum amount of money a specific actor is willing and able to pay for the good or service”?
decision-making model
All people need to make decisions from time to time. Given limited time in formulating policies and addressing public problems, public administrators must enjoy a certain degree of discretion in planning, revising and implementing public policies. In other words, they must engage in decision-making.
